Influenza A as a True Zoonotic Pathogen: Transmission through Reservoir Hosts

Neyazi Ghulam Rabani; Khaidarov Saken; Mohammad Hamid Mohammadi; Mukhlis Hujatullah; Taibullah Modaqeq

doi:10.55544/jrasb.3.5.12

Authors

Neyazi Ghulam Rabani Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Badakhshan University, Badakhshan, AFGHANISTAN. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4902-9966
Khaidarov Saken Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan, AFGHANISTAN. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7770-8427
Mohammad Hamid Mohammadi Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Daikundi University, AFGHANISTAN. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8541-1973
Mukhlis Hujatullah Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Zabul University, Zabul, AFGHANISTAN https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1674-2919
Taibullah Modaqeq Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, Baghlan University, Baghlan, AFGHANISTAN.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.5.12

Keywords:

Zoonotic transmission, zoonotic pathogen, Reservoir hosts, Cross-species adaptation, Viral reassortment

Abstract

Influenza A virus (IAV) represents a considerable global health threat due to its rapid mutation rates and broad host range, facilitating cross-species transmission and enabling the virus to evade immune defenses. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying IAV's pathogenicity, focusing on its zoonotic potential through reservoir hosts, such as wild birds and swine. The virus's ability to undergo antigenic shift and drift allows it to continually adapt to new hosts and environments, posing challenges for control and treatment. Current antiviral therapies are limited by the emergence of resistant strains, underscoring the necessity for innovative vaccine development and treatment strategies. By examining IAV's molecular evolution, immune evasion tactics, and transmission dynamics, this review highlights the critical need for enhanced surveillance, improved therapeutic options, and international cooperation to mitigate future outbreaks. A deeper understanding of these processes is essential to inform public health efforts and combat the persistent threat of IAV.

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