Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Descriptive Study of Chicken Pox in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

Zabit Khan Naibzai, Naim Khan Zadran, Sherzad Gul Sharif, Zafar Khan — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Chicken pox is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology, characterized by the appearance of characteristic blistering rash against the background of a general intoxication syndrome. ^{(13, 14)} The causative agent of chickenpox is the herpes virus type 3, transmitted from a patient by airborne droplets. Chickenpox is one of the most common childhood infections. It is manifested by characteristic abundant itchy blistering rashes that appear at the height of fever and general infectious manifestations.^{(15, 16)} A typical clinic allows you to diagnose the disease without conducting any additional research. Treatment of chickenpox is mainly symptomatic. To prevent secondary infection, antiseptic treatment of rash elements is recommended. Infants and Children are affects in all ages, but most severely infants, who experience the highest age-specific incidence and account for almost all Chickenpox hospitalizations and deaths. ^{(17, 18, 19)}

Research Goal: Case of Chickenpox in the Khost post graduated hospital from the 1399/06/01 to 1399/12/30.

Methodology: This is a descriptive study that was conducted in the form of a case series. This study was conducted on 43 patients affected by chicken pox.

Dust and Ice in the Interstellar Medium

Nastaran Ochmas — Thu, 29 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we present an introduction to bare dust particles and grains covered by ice sheets in diffuse and dense interstellar clouds. It follows the life cycle of dust from its formation in stellar environments to its incorporation into the body of the Solar system. Dust particles play an important role in the physics and chemistry of many space environments. Regarding dust composition, two different populations are generally observed: silicate and carbonaceous dust. Energetic processing of ice layers with UV rays, X – rays or cosmic rays, after which the heat leads to the formation of complex organic molecules; some of them have prebiotic properties. Delivery of this organic fraction to the early Earth by meteorites and asteroids may have contributed to the origin of life.

Examining the Use of Lenses

Nastaran Ochmas — Tue, 28 Feb 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Lenses are an important topic of light physics. The inverse of the focal distance of any lens is called the convergence of that lens, if the unit of measurement of the focal distance is meters, then the unit of measurement of convergence is diopters. In terms of physics, the lens of the eye can be defined as a convex lens. Eyes that can see far but cannot see near, usually convex lenses are used to correct it. Various images in lenses and their use in optical instruments, including magnifiers, microscopes, binoculars, projectors, are used in a wide range of applications. In this article, such precious and valuable examples have been pointed out in a manner that encourages our mind and senses to continue it.

Eu3+ Doped CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles with XRD and FTIR Analysis

Sathish Boddolla, D. Ravinder — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Pure and Eu³⁺ doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with the formula CoEu_xFe_2-xO₄(x = 0.00,0.10) were synthesized by citrate gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis validated both the phase formation and purity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the sample were meticulously recorded within the spectral range of 200-1000 cm^-1. This analysis provided insights into the formation of the spinel structure.

Effect of Enteric Fever on Hematological Cells Parameters

Dr. Israr Ullah Rahimee, Dr. Mohammad Azim Azimee — Tue, 23 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid are the agents that cause Enteric fever (Typhoid fever). It is primarily a disease of developing countries because of poor sanitation standards.

Fever is a prominent and well-known feature of the illness that increases steadily to a maximum degree. The hematological criteria of an affected individual are changed by this infectious disease. To ascertain the different hematological cells parameters in our sample population, we conducted the investigation.

Patients and Methodology: The study, which involved 100 Afghans, was carried out at the Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital between June and November of 2022.

A case-control study design was used. Fifty individuals (Cases) who had a confirmed diagnosis of Enteric fever (Typhoid fever) based on typhoid (IgG and IgM) were included in the study. As a control group, fifty healthy individuals with negative typhoid (IgG and IgM) results and no other complaints were included in the study.

For both the case and control groups, a complete blood count was performed. Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cell Count (WBC), and Platelet Count (PLT) are regarded as hematological markers. Every patient was also interviewed, and a questionnaire was employed. Numerous demographic factors were questioned, including sex, age, economic status, level of education, and clinical symptoms. SPSS version 16 was then used to analyze the collected data.

Results. In the current research, over all 100 patients were enrolled (50 were case, and 50 were control group). The mean age± SD of the patients under the study were 38.74±15.22 years. The most common hematological changes observed were; anemia (32%), thrombocytopenia (24%), leukocytosis (8%) & leucopenia (22%). Fever was the most common presenting symptom (78%) and abdominal symptoms were about 38%. Most of the people were of lower socioeconomic state and were uneducated.

Conclusion: This study shows that Enteric fever is bacterial infection and are acquired by enteral route. This disease commonly affects people of low socioeconomical states and those that are uneducated. Fever was the most commonly presenting symptom in these patients. Enteric fever causes changes in the hematological cells parameters which is probably due to bone marrow suppression, which is transient and shows response to therapy.

Effect of Precision Application of Nutrients on, Growth, Yield, Quality and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cv. Pearson

Hekmatullah Zaland, Aimal Nahiz, Mohammad Yar Malakzai, Saifullah Mangal — Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The investigation was conducted to study the Effect of precision application of nutrients on yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency in tomato (cv. Pearson). The experiment was carried out at Bolan Research Farm, Helmand, Afghanistan during the year 2021. The experiment was laid out in (RCBD) designed having three replications, each replication consisted of 10 treatments. The treatments comprised of T₁: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (140:60:60 kg/ha), T₂: Fertilizers Urea + DAP + MOP (70:30:30 kg/ha), T₃: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₄: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 70:30:30), T₅: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₆: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 55:24:24), T₇: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + NPK + Urea (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T₈: Fertilizers + Nutrient Solution Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP (70:30:30 + 42:18:18), T_9: RDF Urea + DAP + MOP (137.5:62.5:60) and T₁₀: Control (No fertilizer). The result confirmed that integrated application of nutrient significantly affected all growth, yield and yield traits of tomato hence, the tallest plant (133.33cm), maximum No. of branches plant^-1 (31.67), No. of fruit plant^{-1 (}67.33), large polar diameter (8.33cm), large equatorial diameter (8.33cm), average yield plant^-1₍6.13 kg), total yield (344.00 q/ha), total soluble content (4.61 %), dry matter content (5.02%) were recorded in the plots were treated with T₈ (Urea + DAP + MOP + VAM MAP + Urea + MOP) (70:30:30 + 42:18:18) except the fruits weight(g) and average fruit weight (g) as compared to other treated plots,. Generally, all fertilized plots showed positive & better performance as compared to control plots (no treated plots). We concluded from the result that all treatments regarding their efficient effect and economical use were ranked as (T₈> T₉> T₇> T₆> T₅> T₄> T₃> T₂> T₁> T_Control) for all growth, yield and yield characters of tomato (cv. Pearson) in research area.

Synergism Activity of Pyoluteorin with Some Antibiotic Against Urinary Tract Infections Pathogens

Haider Hamid Khudiar, Sulaiman Dawod Sulaiman, Tiba Ayad Ahmed Sezae — Sun, 28 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

On some pathogenic bacteria isolated from the urinary tract, the antibacterial activity of pyroluteorin in combination with other antibiotics was studied. Pyoluteorin was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from rhizospheric soil in Baghdad City. Fifty isolates belongs to Urinary Tract Infection were isolated, and the diagnosis was made using cultivars and biochemical tests, and confirmed using Viteck 2 system. Ten isolates each of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, six of Proteus mirabilis, four of Acinetobacter baumannii, three of Serratia marcescens, and four of Enterobacter cloacae were among the bacterial isolates, gram-positive bacteria including Streptococcus agalactiae (3 isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (6 isolates) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (2 isolates). All isolates were tested for susceptibility test against 10 different antibiotics (Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprin, Ampicillin, salbactam, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and Amikacin). The outcomes indicated that 91% and 82% of resistance were reported for nalidixic acid and tetracycline, respectively, whereas 9% of resistance was found for amikacin.

Analyzing the Time Evolution of a Particle by Decomposes the Initial State Confinement in 1D Well into the Lowest Eigenstates Energy

Mubarak Hamad Oglah — Sat, 13 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, we obtained the time evolution of the wave function of a limited quantum system (1D Box), hence getting a mathematical model to describe the system. By using programming computes, it performs a time evolution that decomposes the initial state into the 2,10, and 20 lowest energy eigenstates. Finally, by comparing numerical de-composition coefficients for the wave function to the analytical values, it found the number of knots increases directly versus the energy of the particle's quantum state. As a result, the mean bending given by the second derivative which is proportional to the kinetic energy operator should increase. We found there is a negligible mean and standard deviation of the energy in units of the ground state energy.

Role of Herbal Active Compound in Cardiac Failure Treatment

Sat, 13 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is constantly rising, making them a major health burden. In terms of global mortality and morbidity, they are still at the top. An alternate method of treating many illnesses, including CVDs, is the use of medicinal herbs. There is a current, unprecedented push to include herbal remedies into contemporary healthcare systems. The widespread conviction in their safety and the fact that they offer more effective treatment at a lower cost than conventional modern medicines are two of the main factors propelling this movement. However, there has not been enough testing of the purported safety of herbal remedies. As a result, people need to know that medical herbs can be toxic, have possibly fatal side effects, and can interact negatively with other drugs. Experimental evidence suggests that medicinal herbs may be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to their ability to inhibit multiple risk factors for these conditions. So, in order to successfully use herbs in CVD therapy, there have been numerous initiatives to transition medicinal herb research from the lab to the clinic. Presented below are cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the variables that put people at risk for developing them. Next, we provide a synopsis of herbal medicine's role in the treatment of disease, with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. In addition, information is compiled and examined about the ethnopharmacological therapeutic possibilities and medicinal qualities against cardiovascular diseases of four commonly used plants: ginseng, gingko biloba, ganoderma lucidum, and gymnostemma pentaphyllum. The use of these four plants in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular disorders, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been well examined. We are also making an effort to describe the current in vitro and in vivo investigations that have attempted to examine the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the four plants' cardio-protective effects. Lastly, we highlighted the effectiveness, safety, and toxicity of these four medicinal herbs by reviewing and reporting the results of current clinical trials.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Review of Virulence Factors in Candida

Mohammed Sami Farhan, Bilal Ahmed Abdullah, Ali Esam Mamdwooh, Rand Salwan Numan — Sat, 13 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Candida albicans is a prevalent commensal fungus that inhabits various anatomical regions, including the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, as well as the skin of persons in good condition. C. albicans is present in the normal flora of the microbiota in around 50% of the population. The clinical presentations of Candida species encompass a spectrum of symptoms, spanning from localized. The spectrum of mucocutaneous issues ranges from superficial to invasive disorders that impact many organ systems and present a substantial threat to human life. Disruptions in the normal homeostasis of Candida can be attributed to a range of reasons, encompassing systemic and local factors as well as genetic and environmental influences.

These disruptions ultimately lead to a shift from a state of normal flora to the development of Infections caused by pathogens and opportunistic agents. The initiation and advancement of infection are regulated by the virulence characteristics of Candida, which play a role in the emergence of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis presents with a wide range of symptoms, which can be classified into major and minor types. The gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir for Candida albicans in the human body. Infection occurs due to an imbalance in the local microbiota, impaired immune function, and damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier. Candidaemia, a term used to describe invasive infections caused by candida, is associated with the presence of Candida albicans in the bloodstream. The mutual relationship remains intact by maintaining a balance between the host immune system and C. albicans virulence factors. This study investigates the virulence traits exhibited by Candida albicans. These components have a significant impact on the development of disorders.

Analyzing the Relationship Between COVID-19 Susceptibility and Blood Group Variations: A Comprehensive Investigation into the Impact of ABO Blood Types on the Incidence, Severity, and Clinical Outcomes of the Disease

Dr. Reem Adeeb Mohammed — Sat, 13 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The covid-19 pandemic, originating from a new strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), is of concern to the global health arena as no crisis comparable to this has happened in the past. The investigation of not only the genetic components which may predispose for such a disease but also determine the severity of the illness has turned into a pressing research issue in modern days. Although it is desirable for the formulation of effective community health policy which provide tailor-made solutions concerning treatments, it is important that people have a clear understanding of the role played by blood type differences in this regard.

Methodology: The research was done at Baghdad Medical City Hospital during the period of June and August of 2021 using the patients with verified COVID-19 cases as their base. The data contained not only demographic information but also a blood type, disorder severity level, as well as the details were about the procedure. Various statistics organizations, include but not limited to the Pearson correlation, Chi-square and data visualization were applied using SPSS to establish the association between different blood types and the aftermath of COVID-19 infections. Results: The study demonstrated that among the many characteristics of COVID-19, blood types tested out to be assciating with a statistically significant number of them. Noteworthy is the significant negative association that connects blood types with the severity of the disease, and this factor also determines the period for recovery. It became clear that the recovery duration and the treatment response didn’t depend on age when the results were adjusted for any statistically insignificant variations that could be attributed to age. This evidences us that it is likely that the age factor is not considered as a premier factor in the progress of the COVID-19 in the analyzed patients. when goes to a green process, the human error disappears.

Conclusion: Obtained results of patients with diversified ABO blood types allowed us the data that confirmed disease incidence and severity can be modified during COVID-19. Given this fact, the doctors in the health care institutions and in the government agencies responsible for public health should gain this information. Also, the organizations need this information to develop a disease prevention and control policy. In a wider plan of the research and response strategy to the pandemic, COVID-19, the results reveal that on the genetic side the blood type must be borne in mind, amongst other hereditary features.

Climate Change Resilience Strategies for Sustainable Development: Integrating Weather Forecasts and Adaptation Measures

Omer Mansuor Alsharef, Mohamed Ahmed Salih Hassan — Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Amidst the ever-pressing challenges of climate change, the pursuit of sustainable development necessitates innovative strategies to bolster resilience. This research delves into the crucial fusion of weather forecasting and adaptive measures as a pivotal approach in confronting the multifaceted impacts of climate variability. Through a nuanced examination of existing literature and empirical case studies, this paper elucidates the potential synergies between timely weather forecasts and adaptive resilience strategies. By amalgamating insights from diverse sectors including infrastructure, agriculture, ecosystems, and communities, it illuminates pathways toward sustainable development in the face of climatic uncertainties. Emphasizing the significance of accessible and accurate weather information, this study underscores the transformative power of integrating forecasts into adaptation planning frameworks. Furthermore, it navigates the complexities of implementation, shedding light on both the opportunities and challenges inherent in such integrative approaches. Ultimately, this research endeavors to provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers, fostering a collective vision for a more resilient and sustainable future amidst the turbulent currents of climate change.

Optimization of Crop Establishment Methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Growth and Economic Efficiency of Groundnut under Semi-Arid Region of Afghanistan

Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

An experiment was conducted at the farm of Afghanistan National Agricultural Science and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar Province, Afghanistan in cropping season of 2020 to investigate the Optimization of Crop Establishment methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer levels on Growth and Economic Efficiency of Groundnut under Semi-arid region of Afghanistan. The experimentation was conducted in split-plot design with 15 treatment combinations and replicated thrice. main-plot consisted of crop establishment methods, viz. ridge and furrow (RF), broad bed and furrow (BBF) and flatbed (FB), while the sub-plots comprised of phosphorus levels, viz. absolute control, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg P₂O₅/ ha. The results of the investigation revealed that the growth parameters in terms of plant height in and leave area were highest in BBF, followed by FB and minimum was in RF. Adoption of BBF recorded significantly higher gross return (238928 AFN/ha), net return (202728 AFN/ha) and net benefit cost of ratio (5.2) were in Broad Bed and Furrow, followed in ridged and furrow and the minimum was in flat bed method. It can be concluded, cultivating of groundnut with Broad Bed and Furrow with application of 60 kg P₂O₅/ha was found beneficial for reaching higher productivity and profitability under semi-arid region of Afghanistan.

Distribution of ABO/Rhesus Blood Groups Among Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV Ag, HCV Ab) Positive Patients in Anbar Providence, Iraq

Mohammed Khairullah Mahmood, Abdullah Abdulsattar Raeef — Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections among blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank in Iraq. The study also explored the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (TTIs) and sociodemographic factors and cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on 100 blood donors at Anbar Blood Bank from March 24, 2023, to June 21, 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed HBV and HCV-positive patients who provided consent, while exclusion criteria included individuals without HBV and HCV infections. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected, and tests for TTI markers (HBV, HCV) and ABO and Rh blood grouping were performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and slide method, respectively. Sociodemographic data, TTI marker results, and ABO and Rh blood types were recorded for analysis. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic data was performed, and a chi-square test was employed to assess the correlation between ABO and Rh blood groups with TTI markers and sociodemographic factors (Age, sex, and living area). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The results revealed a male predominance (71%), with the majority aged between 20-30 years (39%) and residing in rural areas (52%). The most common blood group was O+ (39%), while AB- was the least prevalent (0%). In terms of viral infections, 80% of participants were found to be infected with HBs Ag, and 20% with HCV Ab. Notably, blood group O+ exhibited the highest infection rates for both HBs (28%) and HCV (11%), while blood group A- demonstrated the lowest HBs infection rate (3%) and no HCV infection. The study provides valuable insights into the prevalence of HBV and HCV infections among blood donors in Anbar, Iraq. Additionally, correlations between ABO and Rh blood groups, TTI markers, and sociodemographic factors were explored. The findings contribute to the understanding of transfusion safety and may inform blood screening and donor selection protocols.

An Overview of the Electronic Structure of Monolayer Graphene

Allahyar Anosh, Sayed Anwar Sirat — Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Monolayer graphene is a nanostructured material that consists of layers of graphene, each layer of single-layer graphene consists of a layer of carbon atoms that are interconnected in a hexagonal lattice. The crystal structure of monolayer graphene is two dimensional and carbon atoms are inserted in a hexagonal lattice. The band structure of monolayer graphene includes two main bands that located at points K and K’ considered as quantum bands of electrons and holes. The electronic properties of monolayer graphene include the movement of electrons at very high speed and maintaining their spin. Also, monolayer graphene has unique optical properties and can be used as an optical switcher in electronic devices. Which from the basis of the contemporary technology of graphene and is progressing, therefor, research in this field is important and this research was carried out in a library method and its purpose is to investigate the electronic structure of single – layer graphene.

Investigating The Effect of Postharvest Application of Putrescine and Spermidine on Preserving Quantitative and Qualitative Properties of Grape Cv. Shahroudi

Tue, 09 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Grape is one of the most important and ancient fruits in the world that have been used by humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of post-harvest application of putrescine and spermidine polyamines on maintaining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ‘Shahroudi’ grapes during storage. Factorial experiment with two polyamine factors including two types of polyamines, putrescine and spermidine, each in 3 concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mmol) and storage time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days) based on a completely randomized design in 2019. After treatment, the fruits were stored for 105 days at a temperature of 2 ° C and a relative humidity of 85-95% and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics were evaluated during storage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on fruit firmness, weight loss, anthocyanin content, titratable acidity, vitamin C and total soluble solids at the level of 1% probability and on pH at the level of 5% probability, but on the percentage of fruit juice It had no significant effect. Also, the effect of storage time on all traits was significant at the 1% probability level. However, the interaction effects of treatment and storage time showed a significant effect on total phenol, acidity and Total soluble solids at 1% probability level and a significant effect on pH at 5% probability level. In conclusion, considering maintain different properties using putrescine and spermidine during storage and delaying in senescence and increasing storage life of fruits of ‘Shahroudi’ grape, polyamines application as a postharvest treatment recommended.

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. to the Plant Crude Extract

Sulaiman Dawod Sulaiman, Haider Hamid Khudiar, Tiba Ayad Ahmed Sezae — Fri, 19 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed to investigate whether the extract from the Thuja orientalis plant had any antibacterial properties against fifteen MRSA isolates in a group of thirty-seven Staphylococcus aureus isolates. To determine bacterial resistance, an antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted on five different drugs. Methicillin showed the highest level of bacterial resistance (100%), whereas Vancomycin had the lowest level of resistance (6.6%). The results of the examination of the Thuja orientalis plant extract clearly showed that it had a significant suppressive effect on all Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

Evidence Based Case Report on Homoeopathic Treatment of Pityriasis Versicolor

Dr. Satya Prakash Rai, Dr. Anshita Khare, Dr. Sanskriti Mishra — Thu, 04 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Pityriasis Versicolor is a common fungal skin infection^[1]. It’s sometimes also called as Tinea versicolor. Pityriasis versicolor causes patches of skin to change colour. The patches usually occur on the chest, upper back, upper arms, neck or tummy. The patches are flat and round and can join up to form large areas. They may look scaly and can sometimes be itchy^[2]. It is a case report on pityriasis versicolor. On first visit, the patient was having white coloured spots on neck and upper chest area. Symptomatology was erected after taking the case properly and repertorization was done by synthesis repertory. The medicine was prescribed in centesimal potency and patient was better with in 3 months.

Histopathological Alterations Caused by Insecticides (Chlorpyrifos) in Carp Fishes in Khost, Afghanistan

Zahidullah Zaheen, Khyber Momand — Thu, 04 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Histology is the study of tissues is an important sensitive term to find out the influence of chemical compounds on the organ that are targeted and be used to find the health and growth of fish in polluted ecosystem (Van Dye and Pieterse, 2008). Histopathology is the study in which when water is polluted, the effect of this pollution is studied on the body and various tissues of the fish when these tissues come in contact with these chemicals. It not only give information about the function of the body but also inform us about the pollution of the water. It give us an idea about the side effects of human activities by disturbing the environment (Banaee, 2013). When these fishes are studied for parameters that changes observed indicate the toxic effect of these chemicals (Sudova et al, 2009).

Bacteriological Profile of Common Lab Contaminants Responsible for Spoilage in Biological Laboratory

Kanchan Shri Chauhan, Akshya Kumar Mishra — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In biological laboratories, contamination can arise from various sources, including airborne particles, equipment, reagents, and human error. Common contaminants responsible for spoilage in biological laboratories include bacteria, fungi, virus etc. Bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment and can contaminate laboratory samples, cultures, and media. There is a possibility of transferring microorganisms from one laboratory to the other during the course of activities that involves moving of materials. In this present work we had been identify three bacterial species like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus Sp. which responsible for lab spoilage. Therefore measures like cleaning of lab, using protective gears, autoclaving of glassware needed to minimize lab contamination.

Variation of Chlorophyll Content Among the Different Tulsi Species Found in Nuapada District, Odisha

Durgesh Nagbanshi, Akshya Kumar Mishra — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The Tulsi plant, also known as Holy Basil, is a sacred herb in Hinduism and is revered for its medicinal properties as well. It belongs to the Lamiaceae (mint) family and is native to the Indian subcontinent. Tulsi is widely cultivated and is found in many Hindu households where it is worshipped daily. In this work there was an attempt to made to find out chlorophyll content of different Tulsi species found in Nuapada district, Odisha. In this work we were compare chlorophyll pigment of 4 different species of tulsi of Nuapda such as Ocimum tenuiflorum (black tulshi), Ocimum sanctum (green tulshi), Ocimum basilcum (dohna) and Ocimum gratissuma (van tulshi). Among them maximum total chlorophyll content found in Ocimum tenuifflorum And list in Ocimum sanctum. The chlorophyll a found maximum in Ocimum basilcum. And minimum in Ocimum gratissuma.The chlorophyll b found maximum in Ocimum basilcum and minimum in Ocimum tenuiflorum. The total chlorophyll found Ocimum gratissum and minimum in Ocimum sanctum. Such type of work provides us data regarding distribution of chlorophyll in different species of a genera.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Neem Seed Oil

Anjali Verma, Akshya Kumar Mishra — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Neem is a potent blood purifier, detoxifier, and fever reducer according to Ayurvedic scriptures. Neem's astringent properties aid in the promotion of healing even further. Medicated neem oil is considered one of the best for treating skin conditions. Neem works well as an anti-inflammatory for discomfort in the muscles and joints. Diterpenesuginol, nimbiol (bark), triterpenes, beta-sitosterol, stigmastrol (leaf), Limonoids, Malliantriol (seed oil), Nimbendiol (seed oil), and azardiractin (seed) are among the groups of substances that have been isolated from the plant in good amounts. These compounds are sulphurous. In summary, this investigation unequivocally demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of neem oil against bacterial strains isolated from various environments. Today, more research on antimicrobials originating from plants is required. To identify the antibacterial chemicals found in these plants and to ascertain the full range of their activity, more investigation is required. Nonetheless, the current investigation into the in vitro antibacterial assessment of specific plants serves as a foundation for future phytochemical and pharmacological research aimed at finding novel antibacterial medications.

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Northeast Agro-Ecology of Afghanistan

Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field experiment Conducted at the farm of Kunduz University during cropping season of 2023 to evaluate Effects of Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in northeast of Afghanistan. The field experiment laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, the treatments were Nitrogen fertilizer levels viz. Control, 15 kg N/ha, 30 kg N/ha and 45 kg N/ha respectively, result of the study revealed the highest Plant Height (32.61cm), Branches/plant (10.05), Leave area index (5.20), Kernel/pod (2.23), Pod weight (24.46), Pods/plant (32.30), 100- seed weight (76.38gr), Pod yield (2.89t/ha), haulm yield (5.53t/ha) and Biological yield (8.42t/ha) were in treatment with application 45 kg N/ha, the minimum growth and yield parameters were in Control plots, it can be concluded nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 45 kg N/ha is optimum level for enhancing groundnut productivity and profitability in northeast of Afghanistan.

Weaknesses and Strengths of the Winkler Method in Designing Foundations

Seliman Nisar — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The reaction between the foundation and the soil below it is one of the important issues in civil engineering, and this factor has a significant effect on the behavior of the structure. In this article, first, the basic principles of this method and the simplifications introduced in it are introduced, and then the concept of the most important input parameter of this model, the substrate reaction coefficient, determination relationships, and factors affecting it are discussed. The main goal of this article is to understand the concept of the Winkler method and the bed reaction coefficient so that engineers can choose this model with full knowledge of its weaknesses and strengths and the theories used in it. Also, by studying the factors affecting the bed reaction coefficient, it is possible to estimate More realistic values should be provided so that the results of this method are more correct and accurate.

Evaluations Using Clouds of Tiny Cosmic Dust Particles

Rahmatullah Lewal, Sherwali Hemat — Mon, 01 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

We talked about the existence of cosmic dust particles in this article, which are composed of different elements like carbon, oxygen, iron, and other atoms heavier than hydrogen and helium. Star formation depends on cosmic dust particles, which are the building blocks of planets and people. Dust that has fallen to Earth or exists in space is known as cosmic dust, sometimes known as extraterrestrial dust or space dust. The majority of particles of cosmic dust have sizes between a few molecules and 0.1 mm (100 µm). We refer to larger particles as meteorites. Cosmic dust is thought to be the remnants of asteroidal or cometary collisions that can be linked to collisions that took place during the Big Bang.

The Optimal LD50 Gamma Ray and Sodium Azide-Induced Mutagenesis in the PBNS-86 Variety Safflower

Shafique Mirza, S. E. Mahamune, S. B. Thorat — Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Safflower has been grown for millennia all over the world, making it one of the most important and ancient oil-producing crops. In this work, we use gamma rays and sodium azide at LD₅₀levels to target high-yielding and desirable characters. The safflower variety PBNS-86 seeds were subjected to varying quantities of sodium azide (0.005%, 0.010%,0.015%,0.020% and 0.025%) and gamma-ray treatments at levels of 100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy and 500Gy. The carcinogenic administrations of sodium azide and gamma rays had a detrimental dose-dependent association with the plant survival percentage in the PBNS-86 variety. The anticipated LD₅₀ value was calculated using probit values and fatality percentages. For gamma rays and sodium azide, the LD50 value of PBNS-86 was set at 296.2 Gy and 0.1513%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the proportion of plants that survived was induced by gamma rays and sodium azide treatments. It is determined that both mutagens are capable of causing notable changes in safflower, which may be investigated further for the purpose of mutation mapping.

Hydrocortisone as Antiallergic Drug

Salam Abed Muhammad — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Glucocorticoids are widely used for the suppression of inflammation in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune diseases, all of which are associated with increased expression of inflammatory genes. The molecular mechanisms involved in this anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is discussed, particularly in asthma, which accounts for the highest clinical use of these agents.

Glucocorticoids bind to glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm which then dimerize and translocate to the nucleus, where they bind to glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) on glucocorticoid-responsive genes, resulting in increased transcription. Glucocorticoids may increase the transcription of genes coding for anti-inflammatory proteins, including lipocortin-1, interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and neutral endopeptidase, but this is unlikely to account for all of the widespread anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids.^[3]

The most striking effect of glucocorticoids is to inhibit the expression of multiple inflammatory genes.^[3]

Comparative Anatomical Study of the Species Notobasis syriaca Cass and Silybum marianum L. (Asteraceae) in Salah-Aldin Governorate (Iraq)

Ayman Adwan Abd — Thu, 31 Aug 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The species Notobasis syriaca Cass. and Silybum marianum L. among the most important endemic plants of the Asteraceae family in the Iraqi flora. The anatomy of the stem and leaves of both species was studied using a compound microscope, due to the similarity between the two species in many morphological characteristics and grow in the same environment. Therefore, this research work was conducted to find Anatomical differences of taxonomic value that help distinguish between the two species under study. Results concluded great importance for anatomical characteristics were achieved by studying stem cross section, leaf epidermis and leaf cross section for both species and compare the anatomical characteristics between the two species under study in a scientific manner.

Review on Nasal Drug Delivery System and Their Application

Kanchan Tariyal — Tue, 19 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nasal drug delivery has received a great deal of attention as a convenient, reliable, and promising method for the systemic administration of drugs. It is especially for those molecules which are ineffective orally and only effective if administered by injection. The nasal route of drug delivery has advantages over the other alternative systems of non-invasive drug administration. The present review is an attempt to provide some information concerning nasal drug delivery system such as limitations, advantages, mechanism of drug absorption, anatomy of nasal cavity, factors affecting of nasal drug delivery, strategies to enhance nasal absorption, strategies to extend duration of drug formulations within the nasal cavity, leading to improved nasal drug absorption, novel drug formulations, sorts of nasal drug delivery system with uses of nasal drug delivery in various diseases, and recent advancement of nasal delivery systems.

Analysis of Physico-Chemical Factors of Ramganga River Water in Bareilly District

Sunil Kumar, Vikas Jain — Mon, 18 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The systematic study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Ramganga River in Bareilly district. The rivers are an essential water resource and used for several purposes. The water quality of all fresh water ecosystems is assessed by the physico-chemical. Water samples were collected from 3 sites along the river and analyzed using standard methods in laboratory. The physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed for a period of 6 months from April 2022 to September 2022. Various physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, PH, transparency, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, DO, FCO₂, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Total hardness of lake were estimated throughout the year.

An Overview of Oil Recovery Techniques: From Primary to Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods

Mohammad Hamid Mohammadi, Yernazarova Aliya Kulakhmetovna, Reza Joia — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

As we all know, numerous methods have been invented for better managing of the reservoirs to recover the trapped oil from them as much as possible. These techniques included primary techniques that were implemented primarily at the beginning of this industry. As these techniques were not effective enough, secondary techniques, like; water flooding and gas injection methods were created and the amount of recovered oil were increased, as well. On the contrary, the demand for more oil was raised up and it was felt that much more effective techniques are necessary. It resulted to creation of Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques and these techniques are included; thermal methods (steam injection, steam assisted gravity drainage and in-situ combustion), Chemical methods (alkali flooding, surfactant flooding, polymer flooding, foam flooding, and combination of alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding), and microbial EOR. The most promising technique is microbial EOR because of being cost-effective and ecofriendly. GEMEOR (Genetically Engineered MEOR) and EEOR (Enzyme Enhanced Oil Recovery) are two new trends of MEOR that own potential hopes in petroleum industry.

NGS Technique for Palindromic Sequencing of DNA Through Effective PST-PCR

Prapti Saraswat — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

DNA Sequencing technologies have been in use since 1970 and has diversified to much more effective transformations till the date. Initially due to certain drawbacks like cost, time period and requirement of toxic and radioactive elements for the compilation of the process, it remained unintroduced to research setting for complex data in earlier times. One of a technique named as the Sanger technique had more practical approach for sequencing the desired data of the fragments. But the need of DNA sequencing surged after the commencement of the Human Genome Project (HGP) which was a 13 year long collaboration to sequence human genome for understanding its applicable uses.¹

At the current stage, the progress moved towards Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to sequence the fragments of DNA for a better acknowledgement but somehow this did not reported for a fair outcome for palindromic DNA while sequencing. In this rugged sequencing platforms, Roche’s 454 with emulsion PCR technique amplified the templates through beads which later went through pyrosequencing with DNA Polymerase gave the desired output but had a major drawback of high cost.² Therefore, this study deals with effective PST – PCR technique for studying palindromic DNA in NGS and how it can be considered to fit in all advantages for the above task.

Study of Adoption of Improved Technologies in Black Gram Crop

Lokendra Kumar Singh — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

India is largest producer of pulses in world with 25 per cent share in global production. Chickpea, Pigeon Pea. MungBean, UradBean, lentil and Field Pea are important pulses crop contributing 39.00 per cent, 21.00 per cent, 11.00 per cent, 7.00 per cent and 5.00 per cent to the total production of pulses in the country. The total production was estimated 14.56 million tones and an area of 23.63 million hectares with average productivity 625kg/ha. (www agro pedia. Nic in.2015) Over 75% of the total of Black gram is generally known as dal milling or, dehulling. Milling means removal of the outer husk and splitting the grain into two equal halves. Dalmilling is one of the major food processing industries in the country, next only to rice milling. Black gram used as daal and as ingredient in snacks like idly, dosa, vada and papad etc. Adoption of Improved practice is the more essential part of increasing the production, because the population is increase day to day and holding size is decrease, so dal price is highly explosion The first week of October 2015 noted of cost of Black Gram dal 150- 180 Rupees per kg in the retails just before one year the cost October 2014 was 75-85 Rupees per kg (sources individual market survey 2015 ). We need the more production of pulses, we solve this problems by the applied more technologies in their field.

Descriptive Study of Organophosphorus Poisoning in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

Azatullah Sajad, Jawid Shah Sarwari, Mohammad Kamil Sabirzai, Sherzad Gul Sharif — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Organophosphorus poisoning is an acute intoxication that occurs when certain insecticides (karbofos, chlorophos, thiophos) or chemical warfare agents (sarin, soman, VI gases) enter the body through inhalation, transdermal or oral intake. Poisoning with them accounts for 1-2% of the total number of acute toxicoses.⁽¹⁾ The poison is able to penetrate the skin without damaging it. At high concentrations of the xenobiotic, pathological symptoms appear within a few minutes. Organophosphorus compounds dispersed in the air form a persistent cloud located near the surface of the earth, which persists for 4-6 hours. Military chemical agents are capable of maintaining toxic concentrations for several days. Lethal doses are vary greatly depending on the properties of the particular compound.

Methodology: Our study is a descriptive case series conducted in the year 1399 (1^st 6 months). Among 1274 inpatients that were admitted in Khost post graduated Hospital during that time, 50 patients were diagnosed with organophosphorus poisoning.

Goals of Research: Determining the Frequency and Pattern of Organophosphorus poising in Khost post graduated Hospital during 1399 (1^st 6 month) hejri shamsi.

Article Review: Acentobacter bummanii

Salaheldeen B. Alwindy — Sun, 10 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Acinetobacter baumannii is highly invasive, resistant to multiple drugs bacteria that are primary source of nosocomial illness in the modern hospital systems. It has been linked to a significant death rate or has been identified as a causative of meningitis, pneumonia; a condition called urine tract illnesses, or wound diseases. Many virulence variables, such as as porins, capsules, including cell wall a substance called lip digestive enzymes, biofilm formation, movement, or iron-acquisition structures, amongst other people, contribute to severity in A. baumannii illnesses. These virulence factors aid in the organism's ability to withstand harsh ecological circumstances also permit the growth of serious diseases. For tandem to the rise for A. baumannii diseases, difficult varied resistant pathways for this pathogen are effectively known, leading to the low efficacy of main antibiotics groups. A. baumannii has a distinct capacity to sustain a resistant to multiple drugs phenotype via a diverse range of antibiotic-hydrolyzing digestive enzymes, modifications to the efflux pumps, impermeability, or alterations in pharmaceutical targets, making therapy even more intricate. Understanding of A. baumannii's transmissible diseases revolves on a comprehension of the processes underlying illness, pathogenicity, or resistant development. This review's objectives are to emphasize A. baumannii illnesses major disease-causing variables while also touching on the processes behind resistant to different antibiotics groups.

Review Article: Early Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Hiba Ahmed Suhail — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Recurrent pregnancy loss, which affects 2%–5% of individuals, is just a significant concern for women's health. Uterine malformations, antiphospholipid syndrome, metabolic or endocrine diseases, as well as chromosomal abnormalities are among the often reported established reasons. Alternative aetiologies, like chronic uterine infections, hereditary thrombophilias, luteal stage insufficiency, or excessive male DNA disintegration rates, have been put forward yet remain regarded as debatable. The results for individuals who experience recurrent miscarriage had increased throughout time because to evidence-based therapies including surgical repair of chromosomal abnormalities, aspirin as well as anticoagulation in anticardiolipin disorder. About 50% of the instances, though, are still unsolved, so they are managed effectively with estrogen augmentation, anticoagulation, and/or immunostimulatory therapies. Regardless of the reason, couples who experience recurrent fetal death have a favourable long-term outlook and also the majority ultimately has a safe live delivery. Several miscarriages, though, may have a major psychological impact just on afflicted people, and numerous attempts are now being undertaken to enhance therapies or shorten the time it takes to conceive successfully. With an emphasis on inexplicable repeated fetal loss as well as the current usage of empiric therapies, this article reviews the recognised or contentious aetiologies as well as the suggested therapeutic approaches. As well, it covers the present use of pre - implantation genetic screening inside the treatment of repeated miscarriages.

Body Mass Index and Thyroid Function Tests in Male Adults in Mosul City

Ayman M. Taher, Hazim A. Mohammed — Sun, 10 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The relationship between thyroid gland and body mass index (BMI) is a subject of growing interest. Thyroid hormones' impact on metabolism directly affects energy expenditure which is in turn affect weight balance.

Subjects and Method: This study occurred in Mosul city in the north of Iraq, between December 2022 - June 2023, and it comprised one hundred adult males ranging in age from 20 - 60 years. Participants had to be apparently healthy men with appropriate thyroid functions, according to the inclusion criteria. Individuals who used specific medicines known for altering thyroid functions were excluded, those who have positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO), a personal or familial history of thyroid diseases, and medical illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac, renal, and liver diseases. The thyroid parameters that’s measured to the subjects were triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (FT4) using immuno-enzymatic competitive assays and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by two-site immuno-enzymatic (sandwich) method.

Results: found no significant relationships between BMI and other thyroid function FT3 no significant increase TSH, on the contrary increased across BMI classes, moreover FT4 decreased.

Conclusion: this work showed that the thyroid function of the different BMI groups under investigation showed no significant change.

Feasibility Study of Planting and Developing Atlas Plants (Petunia hybrida L.) and Chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium L.) in Urban Streets of Karaj Considering the Effects of Light Pollution

Shaima Rasekh Reshtia — Sun, 31 Dec 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Light pollution is the effect of inefficient and unnecessary artificial lighting in outdoor spaces. Each plant requires a certain amount of light for its life and photosynthesis processes to continue. Petunia, scientifically known as Petunia hybrida L., is an annual plant belonging to the Solanaceae family and is a short-day plant photo periodically. Chrysanthemum, scientifically known as Chrysanthemum morifolium L., belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a long-day plant photo periodically. These two plant species, Petunia and Chrysanthemum, which are planted in urban green spaces, were selected for the current study to determine the effects of nighttime light radiation. The present research was conducted during the year 1041 in the research greenhouse of Kharazmi University, Karaj campus, to investigate the effect of light pollution with 3 treatments: control, 44 lux, and 1344 lux, each replicated 3 times. Then, the results of morphological and physiological traits were examined. In Petunia, the results of the analysis of variance showed that most morphological traits of the light pollution treatment significantly differed from the control treatment, while no significant effect was observed for physiological traits. The 44-lux treatment had the most significant effect on plant height, root length, wet and dry stem weight, leaf surface area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and flavonoid. In Chrysanthemum, the analysis of variance results indicated that light pollution had a significant effect on some morphological traits. Overall, in this plant, stem and root length decreased compared to the control plant when light pollution was introduced. Overall, it can be concluded from the analysis of the data obtained from the experiment with a minimum of 3 replications using Duncan's multiple range test based on a completely randomized design that light pollution had a positive effect on Petunia (a long-day plant) at 44 lux. However, no specific effect was observed in Chrysanthemum (a short-day plant).

The Effect of the Pituitary Gland on the Hormone Prolactin and Its Relationship to Menstrual Irregularity According to Obesity

Raghad Tahseen Thanoon, Takea Shaker Ahmed — Tue, 26 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background; Thyroid dysfunction has a substantial effect on the functioning of menstruation and the fertility of women. Hypothyroidism often coincides with increased prolactin levels, which worsens the disease.

Research objectives; A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the infertility outpatient department of the University Teaching Hospital in Iraq, specifically examining the medical records of women who had undergone infertility evaluations. The study examined pertinent historical information, clinical observations, and findings from several investigations, such as thyroid function testing and blood prolactin level assessment. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to ascertain the prevalence and associations between predictors and outcome variables.

Aim of the study; The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases among infertile women who are seeking treatment at the outpatient department of University Teaching Hospital in Iraq. Furthermore, it sought to examine the correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia with obesity, a subject that has not been thoroughly studied in our population.

Novelty; Out of the 200 participants, the largest group, comprising 90 individuals (42%), were categorized as obese. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the subjects was 24 ± 4 kg/m2. The prevalence of thyroid disorder was 18%, with hypothyroidism representing 13% and hyperthyroidism representing 4%. No significant correlation was observed between BMI and hyperprolactinemia in people diagnosed with thyroid illness. Furthermore, no noteworthy correlation was found between BMI and hyperprolactinemia as an isolated condition. Nevertheless, a notable direct association was observed between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin levels. Thyroid abnormalities and hyperprolactinemia are common in women who have difficulty getting pregnant. Therefore, it is advisable to regularly screen for these problems during the initial evaluation of infertility. While there was no notable association between BMI and thyroid illness and hyperprolactinemia, it is important to acknowledge the potential influence of weight gain on infertility, especially given that the majority of participants in the research were obese.

Biological Benefits of Diallyl Disulfide, A Garlic-Derived Natural Organic Sulfur Compound

Thu, 29 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

There is a possibility that diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide can alleviate neuropathic pain in rats that have been subjected to CCI. The mechanisms by which these compounds alleviate pain entail an increase in the levels of H2S, BDNF, and Nrf2 in the sciatic nerve and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The use of garlic as a functional food and as a great source of pharmacologically active compounds is widely recognised and generally accepted. One of the most important bioactive components of garlic is called diallyl disulfide (DADS), and it possesses a number of beneficial biological effects. These capabilities include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, and anticancer actions. In this review, the biological roles of DADS were reviewed in a systematic manner, and the molecular mechanisms that underlie these functions were explored. We have high hopes that this review will not only offer direction and insight into the existing body of literature, but will also make it possible for future study and the development of DADS for the intervention and treatment of other disorders.

Optimization of Phosphorus Application Rate on Maize Under Agro-ecological Condition of Urozgan

Ahmadullah Ahmadi, Rahmatullah Nazir, Hamdullah Ebrahimi, Khalilullah Khaleeq — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Phosphorus plays a vital role in crop growth and productivity, thus a field experiment entitled (optimization of phosphorus application rate on maize under agro-ecological condition of Urozgan) was conducted at Urozgan Higher Education Institute research farm, during spring season of 2023 to evaluate the effects of various doses of phosphorus on maize growth and yield. Treatments were consisted of four levels of phosphorus 20, 40, 60, 80 Kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and control, the experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice, the data was analyzed by IBM SPSS 24. Phosphorus application significantly influenced maize growth, yield and yield attributes compared to control, while the phosphorus doses increased from 20 to 80 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1, crop growth, yield, and yield attribute were continuously increased. It can be concluded from the result of experiment that application of phosphorus under agro-ecological condition of Urozgan can increase crop growth, yield and yield attributes.

Revelation of Specific Ferocity Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Patient with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Aymen Aziz Khalid, Sarwa Azeez Khaled, Huda Saleh Khuder — Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: The purpose of this research is to detect the occurrence of ferocity genes in uropathogenic E. coli that isolated from urinary tract infections by Polymerase chain reaction technique.

Method: A whole of five strains of E.coli were obtained from patient with urinary tract infections. Identification of E.coli was depended on colonial morphology in culture media, gram stain, and conventional biochemical tests. ferocity factors genes (cnf-1, hly,urea A and ndv B) of E.coli strain were revelated by molecular technique.

Results: ferocity genes were detected successfully by molecular technique in five isolates of E.coli, the predominance of genes in isolates are seen in percentage 100%

Conclusion: Urinary tract infections still the major universal infection in the worldwide. The one of the most prevalent infectious diseases induce renal failure in patients is UTI that generated by UPEC. The presence of ferocity factors are critical features where the grade of pathogenicity of UPEC strains relied on it. This study indicate that was a real relationship between the ferocity factor genes of E.coli and clinical symptoms of UTI.

Assessment of Informal Settlement in Central Kandahar: A Case Study of Area Within Four Historic Gateways

Numan PASHTON, Mohammad Qasim NOORZAI — Sun, 31 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Afghanistan's post-war recovery, commencing in 2001 following the cessation of hostilities, precipitated rapid urbanization, notably witnessed by a substantial proliferation of informal settlements, primarily concentrated in Kandahar Province. This phenomenon, exacerbated by significant rural-to-urban migration and population expansion, has emphasized the imperative for exhaustive research aimed at comprehensively understanding its definitions, associated types and potential impacts of informal settlement. The proliferation of informal settlements in Kandahar's historic gateways presents a complex challenge necessitating meticulous and nuanced analysis. The research endeavors to undertake a comprehensive exploration of the definitional constructs of informal settlements, encompassing diverse typologies and their ramifications on urban settings. Central to this endeavor are key objectives aimed at scrutinizing squatter settlements, discerning their typologies, including Spontaneous Sheltering, Homeless Encampments, Nomadic Tents, Refugee Camps, Carts and Wagons, Squatter Settlements, Slums, Self-Help Housing, Shantytowns, Informal Subdivisions and Tenement Housing. Furthermore, the research aims to assess the effects associated with informal supplementary settlements, which encompass a broad spectrum of socioeconomic and environmental ramifications, such as Overcrowding, Poor Living Conditions, High Levels of Poverty, Limited Basic Services, Social Marginalization, Health Risks, Inadequate Sanitation Facilities and Vulnerability. Employing a mixed-methods approach integrating field observations, surveys, Case Studies and literature review, the research seeks to comprehensively understand the complexities of informal settlement dynamics, thus providing insights for informed policy formulation and interventions in urban planning.

Assessing the Prevalence’s of Fascioliasis in Goats in the Central Areas of Khost Province Afghanistan

Ibrahimi Mumtaz, Basharmal Khalid, Afzali Mirafzal — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Fascioliasis is an important parasitic disease of domestic animals, which causes weakness, loss of appetite, reduced production and death of animals in domestic animals, which causes more financial losses to farmers. this study aims to investigate and determine the prevalence’s of fascioliasis in goats in the central areas of Khost province. the data were analyzed using SPSS with chi square test. A total 100 goats were investigated and the positive prevalence rate of the fascioliasis was 38%. In this study, the age and sex of the animals were also considered. the prevalence rate based on age was 40% in young goat and 37.1% in adult goats. According to sex, the prevalence of fascioliasis in male goats was 42.8% and in female goats was 35.3%. the positive incidence of the fascioliasis was higher in male animals than in female goats based on sex. and based on age the positive incidence was higher in young goats than in adult goats. also, the prevalence of fascioliasis in young male was 50%, but in young female goats the prevalence of fascioliasis was 35%. 40% in adult male and 35.5% in adult female goats detected.

Article Review: Multiple Sclerosis

May Y. Al-ma'mouri — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Neurology still puzzles about multiple sclerosis (MS). This comprehensive overview explores MS's history, epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options. From historical awareness to cutting-edge research, we traverse MS's complex world with a focus on the past and future. Genetics, environment, and migration interact to create geographic riddles in MS prevalence. MS's sensory and cognitive symptoms show its significant influence. Advanced imaging technology and diagnostic criteria enable accurate and quick identification. While transformational, disease-modifying treatments require a tailored approach. Advances have left crucial gaps, prompting researchers, physicians, and policymakers to continue. This in-depth investigation of MS combines historical and future perspectives to emphasize the urgency and possibility of solving this complicated neurological puzzle.

Helicobacter Pylori and Sociodemographic Characteristics Distribution

Amenah Jamal Shaiban, Sura Hameed Nayyef — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction and Aim: Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that affects up to half of the world's population, particularly in poorer nations. It is the leading cause of chronic gastritis, ulcers, gastric lymphoma, and gastric cancer, with more frequent cases in children and adolescents. Transmission can occur through fecal-oral, gastro-oral, oral-oral, or sexual means. The infection is caused by H. pylori's urease activity, invasion of host gastric epithelial cells, and adherence to host cell receptors. Early treatment can enhance gastric protection. Materials and Methods: Between November 2022 and July 2023, 103 samples were collected from patients at Mihrabani Surgical Hospital in Erbil City to identify Helicobacter pylori infection. Blood samples and stool samples were used to test for antibodies. Results: The study found a relatively equal gender representation in the patient and control groups, with 48.48% of men in the patient group and 48.64% in the control group. However, there are significant differences in age distribution, with G3 of age (<35) having the highest prevalence of H.pylori (48.48%). Additionally, 62.12% of patients are rural residents, while 97.29% of the control group are urban residents. Finally, 56.07% of patients are married, indicating a significant difference. Conclusion: The study found equal gender representation in patient and control groups but significant age differences, rural residency, and marital status, with G3 under 35 having the highest H.pylori prevalence.

The Effect of The Insecticide Hulk on Some Genetic Characteristics of The Whitefly and The Cucumber Plant That Parasitizes It

Rania Ghasan Abd, Rafea Zaidan Mikhlif AlSugmiany — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is one of the major injurious sucking pests in tropical and subtropical regions. The effect of the insecticide Hulk, which is used to kill the whitefly, was revealed, and its effect on some of its genes and the genes of the cucumber plant that parasitizes it, was revealed.

Materials and Methods: The current study was conducted in Kirkuk Governorate. DNA was extracted from whiteflies treated with Hulk pesticides and not treated with pesticides as a control, and DNA was also extracted from cucumber leaves treated with the Hulk pesticide and not treated with the pesticide as a control in order to compare them. detecting the specific primer of gene 28s in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and Matk gene in the plant Cucumis sativus. Three treatments of each pesticide at three concentrations (25% a quarter lethal, 50% half lethal, 100% lethal).

Results: The research found that 25% of the pesticide Halk killed 20% of the insects, 50% killed 40%, and 100% killed 70% within 24 hours. Pesticide Hulk found that cucumber plant mutations in the Matk gene and gene 28s had the best insecticidal effects against whitefly Bemisa tabaci.

Conclusions: Overall, results suggest that ethanolic DNA extracts pesticide Hulk is the occurrence of mutations in the Matk gene in the plant Cucumis sativus and gene 28s in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci showed the highest insecticidal effects on whitefly Bemisa tabaci.

Optical Anatomy and Microscopical for the Comparison of the Olfactory Mucosa of Puppies with Lambs

Shurooq Hameed Majeed Alnassiri, Bader Khatlan Hameed, Ayad Hameed Ebraheem — Wed, 14 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Dogs are animal that have been used by humans for a long time in many fields because of its characteristics, which have been used in fishing, guarding, insurance, drug detection and in the field of prevention and detection of crime, The present study was done to demonstrate the histological structure and the olfactory mucosa in both lambs and puppies, so two lambs and two puppies were included in this study. The puppies were killed by using xylazine 4ml and ketamine 8ml, the lambs were already slaughtered, the nasal cavity was arrived by using the wire sow and the olfactory mucosa was immediately obtained and immersed in 10% formalin for 24 hour, then the histological technique was applied to obtain slide of 5 µm thickness and stained by haematoxylin and Eosin, and examined under light microscopic. The present result, revealed that the olfactory epithelium of the puppies was taller than in lambs and the sensory hairs was crowded in both species, also the lamina properia of the lambs showed more mucus glands continues with surface.

Association between Lipid Profile and Vitamin D Level

Lamiaa Saoud Abbod, Fatima Amer Abd Algabar, Dhea Sadi Ahmed — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Cardiovascular danger elements include fatness, high blood pressure, diabetes, and hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia are all linked to vitamin D insufficiency aside from cardiovascular disease itself. The purpose of this analysis was to look at how children who were not obese related their lipid profiles to their vitamin D levels. The study, which involved 26 Iraqi patients, revealed that the lipid profile was affected by the vitamin D level. Correlation between Vitamin D3 and cholesterol showed asignificant at the 0.05 level (0.960), and between Triglyceride showed (0.857) significant at the 0.05 level.and in the VLDL, LDL, HDL also showed significant at the 0.05 level ( -0.915, -0.974, -0.971).

Typing and Integron Distribution among Multi-Drug Resistance Escherichia coli

Husam Ahmed AL-Nuaeyme, Munim R. Ali — Thu, 07 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study aimed, through the use of taxonomic associations, to find the genetic relationship between strains of Escherichia coli bacteria in 152 samples of infection symptoms. The results of the susceptibility test for 42 isolates showed that 8 isolates were sensitive to most antibiotics, while 12 isolates had moderate resistance, ranging from 5-8 antagonists, while 22 isolates were resistant to 9-12 antibiotics. Through the use of phylo-group profiling system it was found that the vast majority of Escherichia coli isolates under study have high virulence factors and possess large genomes by belonging to group B2. The results of genotyping using the PCR-Integron system showed that the unty Pable isolates were only... and that the highest percentage was in the first type, which reached... which indicates that there is a relationship between resistance to multiple antibiotics and the presence of introns.