Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology

Assessing the Impact of Soil Quality on Plant Growth and Crop Yields

Rajah Miftah Abdullah Alwitwat — 2022-04-30

By affecting nutrient availability, soil structure, and water retention, soil quality determines plant development and agricultural output in major measure. This work evaluates, in many research locations, the effects of soil physicochemical characteristics on plant growth and agricultural production. While plant development parameters—height, leaf count, and root length—were measured—soil samples were examined for pH, organic matter content, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium levels. Harvest index, grain yield, and biomass generation defined crop yield. The findings showed significant differences in soil fertility; greater organic matter and nutrient content correlated favorably with more plant development and better crop yields. Strong relationships between nitrogen (r = 0.85), organic matter (r = 0.78), and crop production were verified by statistical analysis, therefore underscoring their critical importance in agricultural performance. The results underline the need of sustainable soil management techniques to improve soil fertility and maximize crop output: balanced fertilization, organic additions, and pH control among others. To create more successful soil management techniques, future studies should concentrate on long-term soil fertility monitoring and more general agroecological evaluations. This research underlines the need of preserving soil condition for food security and sustainable development.

Rare Occurrence of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. var. lutea (Witt.) Maheshwari in Kalahandi and Its Adjoining Areas of Odisha, India

Hemanta Kumar Rana — 2025-03-11

The genus Butea (Fabaceae) holds ecological and medicinal significance, with Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. widely recognized for its traditional uses. A rare variety, Butea monosperma var. lutea (Witt.) Maheshwari, distinguished by its yellow flowers instead of the typical orange-red, has been recorded in Kalahandi and adjoining areas of Odisha. Limited reports on its occurrence make it essential to assess its distribution, diversity, and ecological significance. This study evaluates its occurrence, morphological characteristics, habitat preferences, and biodiversity significance using quantitative ecological indices. Field surveys conducted from 2023 to 2024 across Kalahandi, Nuapada, Balangir, Kandhamal, and Boudh districts in Odisha employed quadrat sampling (10 × 10 m plots) for vegetation diversity assessment, with morphological identification performed through comparative analysis with Butea monosperma using standard taxonomic keys. Species diversity was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Index (H') and Simpson’s Index (D). A total of Nine individuals were recorded across five districts, with an H' value of 2.04 and a D value of 0.136, indicating moderate habitat diversity but low dominance. The variety was found at elevations of 200–600 m, primarily in moist deciduous patches alongside Shorea robusta, Terminalia arjuna, and Madhuca indica. Morphological differences from Butea monosperma included pale yellow flowers, slightly pubescent leaves, and shorter fruit length (12–18 cm). The discovery of Butea monosperma var. lutea in Odisha enriches the region’s floristic diversity and underscores its ecological significance. Its restricted distribution and low population density highlight the need for conservation strategies, while further research is required to explore its phytochemical properties, genetic diversity, and potential applications in traditional medicine.

Machine Learning Algorithms from a Mathematical Perspective

Madan Pal — 2024-07-29

Machine learning (ML) has become a cornerstone of modern technological advancement, contributing significantly to fields such as artificial intelligence, data science, computer vision, natural language processing, and robotics. The growing success of machine learning can be attributed to the development of powerful algorithms that leverage vast amounts of data to automatically identify patterns and make predictions. These algorithms have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a wide array of real-world applications, from image classification to speech recognition and beyond. While machine learning’s practical impact is undeniable, a deep understanding of the mathematical principles behind these algorithms is crucial for improving their efficiency, interpretability, and generalization capabilities. By analyzing machine learning from a mathematical perspective, we gain insight into the strengths, limitations, and potential improvements of these models, ensuring their continued success and ethical application.

Mathematical Models of Fluid Dynamics and Their Numerical Solutions

Madan Pal — 2023-04-30

Fluid dynamics is a crucial field of study in both physics and engineering, as it deals with the movement of fluids and their interactions with surrounding forces and boundaries. The behavior of fluids in motion is governed by complex mathematical models, particularly the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in a fluid system. These equations, while fundamental to the study of fluid dynamics, are often challenging to solve analytically due to their nonlinearity and complexity. As such, numerical methods have become indispensable tools for obtaining approximate solutions to these equations, enabling practical applications in areas such as aerodynamics, oceanography, and meteorology. This paper delves into the mathematical foundations of fluid dynamics, focusing on the primary governing equations and the associated boundary and initial conditions that describe real-world fluid flows. Additionally, it provides an overview of the most commonly used numerical techniques for solving these equations, including finite difference, finite element, and spectral methods. The paper also addresses key challenges in numerical fluid dynamics, such as the trade-off between accuracy and computational efficiency, the stability of time-stepping schemes, and the complexities of turbulence modeling. By highlighting the current state of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the paper underscores the importance of ongoing research and technological advancements in improving simulation capabilities, paving the way for more accurate and scalable solutions in future fluid dynamics applications.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Sanitary Napkin for Menstrual Health

Manisha U. Mishra — 2025-03-17

The research work highlights the preparation of herbal sanitary napkins with natural and chemical-free materials showing eco-friendly and biodegradable properties. To protect women's reproductive health and promote awareness for environmental sustainability. This alternative approach is designed to improve menstrual health and hygiene. The purpose of the research work focuses on the preparation of three generations of herbal sanitary napkins (F1, F2, and F3) by showing variation in lay arrangement, i.e., hydrophilic nonwoven fabric as the top layer, airlaid tissue, SAP sheet, gelling sheet as the absorbent core, hydrophobic nonwoven fabric and polyetheyne sheet as the barrier layer, and application of lemongrass essential oil, mainly used as an herbal ingredient, to give both antimicrobial activity and fragrance. Performance of napkins assessed by absorbency percentage, leak proof test, liquid strike through test, wet back strike through test, fluid retention test, and antimicrobial test. It was revealed from the results that herbal sanitary napkins of the F2 generation showed the best performance.

Study of Gentian Violet Toxicity in Labeo rohita: Behavioral Modifications, and Sub-lethal Impacts

Pramod Kumar Chak — 2024-12-31

This study explores the acute and sub-lethal toxicological effects of Gentian Violet (GV), a synthetic triphenylmethane dye, on Labeo rohita, a prevalent freshwater aquaculture species. GV, utilized extensively in industrial applications, including aquaculture for antifungal treatment, poses potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity was evaluated by determining the 96-hour lethal concentration (LC50) via Probit analysis, with an LC50 value of 1.8 mg/L identified, indicating substantial toxicity. For sub-lethal exposure, concentrations corresponding to 1/5th and 1/20th of the LC50 (0.36 mg/L and 0.09 mg/L) were assessed over 7, 14, and 28 days. Behavioral alterations, including reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gill irritation, were observed, particularly at the higher concentration, though recovery was noted over time, suggesting adaptive physiological responses. Physiological stress markers, including oxygen uptake and hematological parameters, exhibited significant perturbations at 0.36 mg/L, with partial recovery by the 28th day. These results underscore the dose-dependent toxicity of GV, with pronounced acute effects and sub-lethal stress responses manifesting through behavioral and biochemical alterations. The study further emphasizes the need for stringent regulatory frameworks to mitigate GV contamination in aquatic ecosystems, alongside the pursuit of eco-friendly alternatives to mitigate the long-term environmental impact of synthetic dyes. The findings also advocate for further research to elucidate chronic toxicity and reproductive effects to inform sustainable aquaculture practices and environmental conservation strategies.

Artificial Intelligence in Non-Invasive Skin Oxygenation Monitoring: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Mohammed Shakib K — 2025-02-28

With exciting advances that could completely change how medical practitioners gauge and monitor skin oxygenation levels, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive force in the field of non-intrusive skin oxygenation monitoring. This study explored the ongoing potrait of artificial intelligence applications in this domain, highlighting key advancements, challenges, and future directions. Recent studies have demonstrated the remarkable capabilities of AI-based systems in accurately assessing skin oxygenation levels by leveraging sophisticated machine-learning as well as deep-learning algorithms. These AI-powered imaging technologies capture high-resolution, multispectral images of the skin, which are then analyzed using neural networks to detect subtle variations in oxygenation that may serve as early indicators of underlying health conditions. However, despite significant progress made in controlled research settings, the widespread adoption of AI in clinical practice faces several challenges. These carries issues in context to the consistency and dependency of AI-based systems in real-world clinical environments, need for extensive validation and standardization, and genuine as well as official implications of incorporating AI across healthcare decision-making processes. As researchers and clinicians continue to explore the potential of AI in non-invasive skin oxygenation monitoring, future directions may focus on addressing these challenges through collaborative efforts between AI experts, healthcare professionals, and regulatory bodies. By utilizing the energy of Artificial Intelligence volunteer as well as result oriented, we can shift the route for more accurate, efficient, and accessible skin oxygenation monitoring, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the health care field.

The Protective Role of Cinnamaldehyde in Kidney Injury: Modulation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways

Sachit Sharma — 2025-02-28

Chronic renal disease is defined as the presence of kidney damage or impaired kidney function over a period of at least three months, regardless of the origin of the condition. Numerous factors, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, are frequently responsible for acute and chronic kidney injury, which is a significant issue in the field of global health. Because of the crucial functions that they play, the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways are potential therapeutic targets. These pathogenic processes are mediated by these pathways. cinnamonaldehyde, which is a naturally occurring bioactive component, has demonstrated encouraging nephroprotective properties. These properties are attributed to the fact that it contains anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. The purpose of this review is to investigate the molecular role of cinnamaldehyde in preventing kidney damage by modulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways. Within this article, we examine the molecular pathways involved and highlight the potential of cinnamaldehyde as a treatment for renal disease. Although preclinical studies have demonstrated significant protective effects, additional research, including clinical trials, is required to validate its safety, effectiveness, and potential therapeutic uses in the management of renal illness in people.

AI in Behavioral Economics and Decision-Making Analysis

Poonam Ajit Ghule — 2025-02-28

Artificial Intelligence (AI) have greatly transformed the science of Behavioural Economics and decision-making in applications predominantly on digital marketplaces, finance among others. Research examines the AI impact on consumer decision making, pricing and financial decision making with a specific emphasis on the Indian e-cockpit and fin-tech. By utilizing AI-driven recommendation systems, dynamic pricing models, and behavioral nudging techniques, businesses can enhance user engagement and optimize sales. The research examines Flipkart’s AI-powered recommendation system as a case study, revealing that AI-driven personalization has led to a 25% increase in sales and a 30% rise in user engagement. However algorithmic bias, data privacy and transparency ethical aspects are formidable challenges. Results show that AI tracking users with 58% of the user’s express worries about this algorithmic bias in financial decisions and access to loans/investment opportunities Even this study brings to light the requirements for human interpretability of AI models, stronger data privacy laws and ethically-grounded implementation of responsible AI. The next step for future research should be devising an explainable AI infrastructure that maintains technological advancement through fairness, transparency and user power.

Assessment of Water Quality in the Varuna River, Varanasi: A Comprehensive Study

Arun Kumar — 2025-02-27

Water is a finite and irreplaceable resource that is fundamental to human well-being. It is only renewable if well managed. It is well managed. It is vital reducing the global burden of disease and improving the health, welfare and productivity of population. Most of the factor directly responsible for the quality of water sources. Keeping this in view, water samples from Varuna River were collected to analyze with the purpose of mutual comparison of water sources with special reference to physiochemical levels. Varuna is the Hindu God of water and the celestial ocean, as well as law of underwater world. It runs though the city of Varanasi from west to east the cross- section of city towards east convergence in to Ganga.

This article helps to know the quality of river water. Some parameters have been analyzed on the spot during the sampling time at each sampling location like ambient temperature, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and other parameters like total suspended solids, BOD, COD, alkalinity, hardness, DO were analyzed in laboratory. Biological parameters like Phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, fishes were observed during study. The water quality of river Varuna is moderately polluted because of sewage, industrial wastes, using of excessive fertilizers and so on. Permeability index indicates that the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation purpose. Although the general quality of ground water of lower Varuna basin is suitable for irrigation purpose but need to treatment of sewage which pour in river.

Forecasting Time Series Data using Recurrent Neural Networks: A Systematic Review

Manpreet Kaur Bhatia — 2024-12-31

The method of time series forecasting stands crucial in multiple application areas that include finance as well as healthcare and energy management and climate modeling. RNNs serve as a powerful tool under deep learning because they possess ability to detect sequential data patterns while extracting temporal dependencies from time series data using traditional statistical methods which were previously the dominant approach. This paper conducts an organized review of modern techniques for predicting time series data by using RNNs. This discussion covers three major RNN architectures together with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs) as well as their combination with hybrid models. The paper examines how RNN-based models perform against traditional approaches before addressing RNN-based forecasting problems and suggesting potential research paths for the future.

The analysis reviews multiple performance indicators utilized in past research to establish profound knowledge about RNN-based forecasting methods. The paper examines RNN benefits while analyzing the computational limitations and overfitting risks and interpretability problems that RNN systems encounter. The review investigates new frameworks including attention systems together with strengthening strategies and combination methods of statistical analysis with machine learning structures. Research outcomes demonstrate that RNN models particularly LSTM and GRU achieve great forecasting precision but future application research needs to optimize execution performance and advance interpretability capabilities of these models.

The Impact of Uranium on Reproductive Health: A Study on Fertility Outcomes

Ramandeep Kaur Sidhu — 2025-02-27

Effects of uranium on fertility as a component of reproductive health is the subject of research in this paper. Uranium is a chemically toxic and radioactive metal found in the environment and which becomes a health danger when it enters the body through the environment or occupation. Despite appreciable information on nephrotoxicity in uranium, there is limited data on its impact on human reproductive physiology. In this study, a cohort survey is conducted with a sample population to measure the extent of uranium exposure and relates to fertility factors of sperm concentrations, ovulation, and gestational outcomes.

The information was obtained from the participants who had different levels of occupational uranium exposure, and marker of exposure was estimated by urine and blood analysis. Difference in the fertility outcomes was elicited by comparing the different exposure categories while adjusting for possible cofactors including age and life style practices. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report on dose-relationship between uranium and adverse impacts in male and female fertility biomarkers.

The research helps to develop knowledge about the ability of uranium to impact reproductive system and demonstrate concern of the populations concerning legislation on exposure to it. The conclusions presented in the paper have theoretical and applied implications for occupational health policies and environmental surveillance; they indicate the necessity for additional studies concerning the relationships between uranium and human fertility.

Effectiveness of Homeopathic Medicine in Molluscum Contagiosum: A Case Report

S N Sharma — 2025-02-27

Molluscum Contagiosum (MC) is a common viral skin infection caused by the Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV), primarily affecting children, sexually active adults, and immunocompromised individuals. While MC is self-limiting, it may persist for months or even years, leading to secondary infections and cosmetic concerns. Conventional treatments, including cryotherapy and curettage, are often associated with pain and recurrence. Homeopathy, as an alternative approach, aims to stimulate the body's immune response for long-term resolution. This case study presents a 20-month-old female child diagnosed with MC, treated with individualized homeopathic remedies, primarily Sulphur, based on symptom totality. Over three months of treatment, there was a gradual improvement, with complete resolution of lesions and only residual pigmentation remaining. This case highlights the potential of homeopathy in managing MC effectively and painlessly, suggesting the need for further research to validate its role in dermatological conditions.

Knee Osteo Arthritis - A Review of Literature

Sheena Pal — 2025-02-27

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disorder characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, subchondral bone changes and inflammation, resulting in pain, stiffness, and functional impairment. It is a leading cause of disability, particularly among older adults, although younger individuals may also be affected due to factors such as injury, obesity, or genetic predisposition. Conventional management includes non-pharmacologic interventions (e.g., physical therapy, weight management), pharmacologic treatments (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid injections) and surgical options in advanced cases. In recent years, interest in complementary and alternative therapies, such as homeopathy, has grown as part of a holistic approach to managing knee OA. Homeopathy aims to treat the individual holistically, focusing on symptom relief and improving quality of life, with remedies such as Arnica montana, Rhus tox and Bryonia alba etc are commonly used for pain, inflammation, and joint stiffness. This article reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and homoeopathic treatment strategies for knee OA, while also exploring the role of homeopathy in managing the condition.

Natural Chemical Constituents and Polymer Used in to Reduce PCOS Pain

Prakash Pralhad Sarwade — 2025-02-26

The complex metabolic and endocrine disorder known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Factors that predispose women to polycystic ovarian syndrome encompass dietary and lifestyle decisions, environmental pollutants, genetic predisposition, gut dysbiosis, alterations in neuroendocrine function, and excess adiposity. Hyperinsulinemia, oxidative stress, hyperandrogenism, inadequate folliculogenesis, and irregular menstrual periods are symptoms that may arise from these variables, potentially contributing to an escalation of metabolic syndrome. Pathogenic dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may have a role in the aetiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Immature oocytes, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and resveratrol are pathological features of PCOS that may be ameliorated by supplementation with natural compounds such as polyphenols, quercetin, resveratrol, flavonoids, vitamin C, gamma-linolenic acid, piperine, and omega-3 fatty acids, along with natural and semi-synthetic polymers. This review encapsulates the current understanding of the efficacy of natural chemical supplementation in the treatment of PCOS.

Antibiotic Utilization in Nephrological and Respiratory Infections: A Prospective Cohort Observational Study

Viswa Mehta — 2025-02-25

Antibiotic utilization plays a vital role in healthcare by ensuring effective bacterial infection management while mitigating resistance risks. This study aims to examine the pattern of antibiotic utilization in respiratory and nephrological disease. A prospective cohort observational study was conducted over six months in the nephrology and respiratory wards, involving 200 patients, following approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee of GCS Medical College & Research Centre. Patients aged 18 years or older with diagnosed nephrological or respiratory conditions who provided informed consent were included, while those with incomplete medical records were excluded. Statistical analysis involved mean, mode, and percentage. Our findings shows that antibiotic prescriptions were more common among male patients, with AKI on CKD (15.5%) and LRTI (19%) being the most frequently observed conditions. Prophylactic antibiotic use significantly reduced infection risks, particularly in nephrology patients. In the respiratory department, 62.54% of prescriptions were based on suspected infections. Cephalosporins were the most commonly used antibiotics. This study concluded that appropriate utilization of antibiotics is crucial for ensuring their continued effectiveness and minimizing the risks associated with antimicrobial resistance. A multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the public is necessary to combat AMR and safeguard global health for future generations.

An IoT Application in a Smart Traffic Management System

Shailesh Shivajirao Bhise — 2025-02-14

Rapid urban development combined with rising vehicle numbers has caused intense traffic delays together with problems in transportation systems. The rise of serious traffic problems has created an urgent requirement to develop ground-breaking technology-based solutions. The implementation of IoT technology in smart traffic management systems proves to be an effective solution against these concerns through its smart traffic observing and modifying capabilities. IoT operates by collecting live data through advanced communication systems alongside predictive modeling to optimize transportation patterns and cut down delays and boost security levels on roads. The review paper examines different IoT-based smart traffic management solutions through analyses of available research documents. The document presents information about IoT architectures together with explanations of communication protocols along with data analytic principles and information regarding actual IoT implementations. Moreover the paper discusses the security threats along with scalability and infrastructure expenditure obstacles while it offers future research guidelines. This research focuses on discussing the present condition of IoT-based traffic management while providing recommendations for developing future progress.

Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of Rutile Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Using Density Functional Theory (DFT)

Basima Farzam — 2025-02-11

The study aims to investgate the structural and electronic properties of Rutile TiO₂due to its wide range of applications, and is a promising material for the mass market for low-cost, high-efficiency and optic-electronic devices because of its outstanding properties, inherent n-type conductivity, low toxicity, and availability[1]. All these modern applications call for better understanding of its properties, but there is a lake of investgation on the structural, elacronic and elastic properties of R-TiO₂ using LDA exchange-correlation function[2]. In this project, band structure, the density of state, and structural optimizations of rutile titanium dioxide were studied and analysed using the Quantum-Esprssso package and LDA exchange-correlation function[3], [4]. By performing this calculation, the estimated lattice parameter 'a' for rutile titanium dioxide using LDA method is 4.5653Aͦ and 'c' is 3.1422 Å, which are relatively close to experimental results which are 4.593 Aͦ and 2.9 Å. Also, According to the results, rutile titanium dixoide(R-TiO₂) has a direct band gap semiconducting property with an energy gap of 1.50eV using LDA exchange correlation function.

Assessment of the Impact of Marble Waste on Ground Water Quality Parameters

Hanumant Singh — 2025-02-10

Marble waste, a byproduct of extensive mining and processing activities, poses significant environmental challenges, particularly concerning groundwater contamination. This study assesses the impact of marble waste on groundwater quality parameters in areas with significant marble processing activities. Groundwater samples were collected from various sites, including those near marble waste disposal areas and control sites, and analyzed for key physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium). The results revealed substantial deviations in groundwater quality in areas near marble waste disposal sites compared to control locations. Elevated pH levels, high TDS, and increased turbidity were observed, alongside heavy metal concentrations that exceeded permissible limits set by international standards. Seasonal analysis indicated contamination peaks during the dry season due to reduced dilution capacity. Correlation analysis highlighted strong relationships between turbidity and heavy metal concentrations, suggesting that particulate matter facilitates the transport of contaminants. This study underscores the urgent need for sustainable waste management practices to mitigate the environmental impacts of marble waste. Recommendations include recycling marble waste, implementing advanced waste treatment technologies, and enforcing stricter regulatory measures. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of preserving groundwater quality for environmental sustainability and public health.

Review on Diagnosis, Treatment and Medication for Dysmenorrhea for Young to Old Age Women

Ketuvinuo Sothu — 2025-02-03

Dysmenorrhea, commonly known as menstrual pain, is a prevalent condition affecting a significant portion of women during their reproductive years. It is typically categorized into two types: primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by menstrual pain in the absence of underlying gynecological disorders, while secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by identifiable conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids. The pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea involves complex interactions between hormonal, inflammatory, and neurological factors, with prostaglandin production being a key contributor to uterine contractions and pain. The severity of symptoms can range from mild discomfort to debilitating pain, significantly impacting daily activities, quality of life, and mental health. Treatment options include pharmacological interventions such as NSAIDs, hormonal therapies, and non-pharmacological approaches like physical therapy, acupuncture, and lifestyle modifications. However, management strategies often depend on the underlying cause, particularly in secondary dysmenorrhea. Despite the high prevalence, many women do not seek medical help, which highlights the need for increased awareness and better access to care. This review explores the current understanding of dysmenorrhea’s etiology, diagnostic approach, and various treatment modalities, aiming to provide an overview of the condition and suggest areas for future research and improvement in patient care.

A Comprehensive Review on Omeprazole: Pharmacological Effects and Its Adverse Effects

Amit Kumar — 2025-02-03

Omeprazole, a widely used proton pump inhibitor (PPI), has become a cornerstone in the treatment of various acid-related gastrointestinal disorders such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. By inhibiting the proton pump in parietal cells, omeprazole effectively reduces gastric acid secretion, thereby promoting healing and alleviating symptoms associated with hyperacidity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological actions, therapeutic uses, and potential adverse effects of omeprazole. The drug’s mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications in both acute and chronic conditions are discussed in detail. Additionally, attention is given to the adverse effects associated with its prolonged use, including but not limited to gastrointestinal disturbances, nutrient deficiencies, renal complications, and an increased risk of infections. The balance between its therapeutic benefits and associated risks is explored, with a focus on the clinical decision-making process in prescribing omeprazole. The review also highlights the potential for drug interactions, particularly with medications that alter gastric pH or are metabolized via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Overall, while omeprazole remains a highly effective therapeutic agent, its adverse effects necessitate careful consideration, particularly in long-term use or in vulnerable patient populations.

Acyclovir Cream: A Compressive Review of Development, Characterization and Therapeutic Efficacy

Dheeraj Kumar — 2025-02-03

Acyclovir cream is a widely utilized topical antiviral agent for the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, including cold sores and genital herpes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the development, formulation, characterization, and therapeutic efficacy of acyclovir cream. The evolution of acyclovir formulations, from oral to topical applications, is discussed, highlighting advancements in drug delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and skin penetration. Key factors influencing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acyclovir cream are reviewed, including the role of excipients, the mechanism of action, and the influence of formulation characteristics such as viscosity, pH, and stability. Furthermore, therapeutic outcomes from clinical studies are summarized, demonstrating the efficacy of acyclovir cream in reducing lesion size, pain, and healing time in HSV-infected patients. Finally, challenges such as patient adherence, resistance, and the need for further improvements in formulation for enhanced therapeutic effect are addressed. This review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the current status and future directions for acyclovir cream as a primary treatment for localized HSV infections.

Role of Biotechnology in Combating Antibiotic Resistance

Deepak Panwar — 2024-12-31

Antibiotic resistance (AR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics have accelerated the emergence of resistant bacterial strains, rendering conventional treatments less effective. In this context, biotechnology has a crucial role to play in combating antibiotic resistance by enabling the development of new antibiotics, alternative therapies, diagnostic tools, and strategies for better stewardship of existing antibiotics. This paper explores the role of biotechnology in addressing antibiotic resistance, focusing on the innovative approaches such as the discovery of novel antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, CRISPR-based technologies, and biosensors. Additionally, we discuss the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and the challenges faced in implementing these solutions at a global scale.

The Role of Biomechanics in Enhancing Athletic Performance

Renu Tomar — 2022-01-31

Biomechanics plays a pivotal role in enhancing athletic performance by analyzing and optimizing the mechanical aspects of human movement. This interdisciplinary field combines principles of physics, physiology, and engineering to assess how athletes move, generate force, and interact with their environment. Through biomechanical analysis, athletes and coaches can identify inefficiencies, prevent injuries, and improve technique, ultimately leading to superior performance. Key areas of focus include optimizing posture, movement patterns, joint angles, force production, and the application of external tools or equipment. Advances in motion capture technology, wearable sensors, and computer modeling have allowed for more precise assessments and individualized interventions. This paper explores how biomechanics contributes to maximizing athletic potential across various sports, discusses the role of biomechanics in injury prevention, and highlights emerging trends such as the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in sports science. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of biomechanics can provide athletes with the tools needed to push the boundaries of human performance while minimizing the risk of injury.

Recent Advances in Targeted Therapies for Cancer Treatment

Kartik Sitaram Bharad — 2025-01-20

Recent advances in understanding the birth mechanisms underpinning cancer development have driven the design of new remedial approaches, nominated ‘targeted curatives’, that widely intrude with motes or pathways involved in excrescence growth and progression. Inactivation of growth factors and their receptors on excrescence cells as well as the inhibition of oncogenic tyrosine kinase pathways and the inhibition of motes that control specific functions in cancer cells constitute the main rational bases of new cancer treatments acclimatized for individual cases. Small-patch impediments and monoclonal antibodies are major factors of these targeted approaches for a number of mortal malice. As the studies of the biomolecular features of cancer progress, new instigative strategies have arisen, similar as targeting cancer stem cells that drive excrescence relapses or the picky induction of apoptosis in nasty cells. This composition primarily focuses on the birth bases of the new cancer medicines and summarizes their mechanisms of action, the clinical substantiation of their anti-cancer effectiveness as well as the explanation for their use in clinical practice.

The Effect of Annealing on The Structural and Optical Properties of The Bismuth (III) Iodide (Bii3) Thin Film Prepared by Vacuum Thermal Evaporation in Order to Lead Free-Perovskite Solar Cells Fabrication

Mohammad Ismail Ihsas — 2024-08-31

In this study, effect of annealing temperatures in room, 100 and 200 C⁰ on the structural and optical properties of Bismuth (III) iodide (BiI₃) thin films is investigated. The deposition process of the specimens was done by physical vapor deposition method on FTO substrate. The samples were prepared at 200 nm thickness. The structural properties, and optical absorption spectra of samples were measured by XRD and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The Urbach energy and band gap of the samples were obtained by absorption spectrum fitting Tuac methods. The results showed that by increasing the annealing temperature up to 100 C⁰, the crystallinity of samples increased, the band gap and Urbach energy decreased about 1.60 and 0.17 eV, respectively. The results show that by increasing the annealing temperature up to to 200 C⁰, the band gap and Urbach energy increase. Studies on the structural and optical properties of thin films, show that BiI₃ can be used as an active layer in lead-free perovskite solar cells.

A Study on Pressure Loss for Incompressible Fluid Flow Through a Tube in the Presence of Magnetic Field

Mahesh Chandra — 2024-12-31

The Present Paper deals with the pressure loss due to presence of magnetic field in a fluid flow through a tube. Magnetic field equations are derived with the help of standard equations of flow. The pressure loss is obtained by the projecting the linear grid lines in fully development regions to the upstream and down stream limits. It was the observed that pressure drop is proportional to the square of Magnetic field angle. Also the pressure drop is proportional to the flow rate. Transverse magnetic field change the axial velocity profile from parabolic to relatively flat shape.

Indisposition and Homoeopathy

Sanskriti Mishra — 2024-12-31

Indisposition is a health issue caused by outside influences that can be readily addressed by removing the causing source.

Eg: Business failure, Overeating, Lack of sleep, Abuse of substances etc are the external causes due to which indisposition occurs.

If man's stomach has been upset by his bad habits, it will return to normal once he stops abusing it; as long as he leads a normal life, he won't experience this indisposition.

“If a strong-smelling flower that causes syncope and hysterical suffering is removed, it will correct indisposition. Removing it will fix the indisposition that causes sensitive, anxious girls to swoon from the flower’s scent.”

There are people who cannot live in the ordinary atmosphere; so they need to change their environment, goes to the mountains, some to warm lands, some to cold lands and by removing the occasioning cause, the apparent aggravating cause of suffering will correct the symptoms.

The Impact of Government Efficiency on Entrepreneurship Development: The Mediating Role of Transparency, Accountability and Corruption Control

Mohammad Kazim Ameri — 2025-01-20

This study investigates the impact of government efficiency on entrepreneurship development, with a particular focus on the mediating roles of transparency, accountability, and corruption control in Afghanistan. The primary objective is to elucidate how government efficiency can enhance entrepreneurial opportunities while simultaneously introducing unintended bureaucratic challenges that affect the overall entrepreneurial landscape.

Utilizing a quantitative approach, this research analyzes secondary data, encompassing key indicators related to government efficiency, corruption control, transparency, accountability, and entrepreneurship. The findings indicate that while improved government efficiency positively influences entrepreneurial opportunities, it also brings forth bureaucratic complexities that can hinder the entrepreneurial environment, particularly for women entrepreneurs.

This research underscores the necessity for effective governance that not only mitigates corruption but also simplifies regulatory frameworks for all entrepreneurs. By emphasizing mechanisms of transparency and accountability, policymakers can foster a supportive environment for entrepreneurship. Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem that promotes sustainable economic growth in Afghanistan, focusing on the broader conditions that encourage innovation and growth rather than imposing stringent regulations.

Review Article: Aloe vera, Centella Asiatica, and Calendula

Humais Aziz Khan — 2024-12-30

Three commonly used medicinal plants—Calendula offinalis, Centella Asiatica, and Aloe vera—are thoroughly reviewed in this article. The medicinal qualities of each of these plants have been well researched and have a long history in traditional medicine. Their pharmacological effects, active ingredients, botanical traits, and possible medical and cosmetic uses are outlined in the review. Aloe vera is a succulent perennial herb that is a member of the Asphodelaceae family and can withstand drought. Because of its ability to cure wounds and burns, it is also known as the silent healer or the healing plant. For millennia, people have utilized aloe vera for its medicinal, skin-care, cosmetic, and health benefits. It is also a common ingredient in many commercial products. Centella asiatica, commonly referred to as gotu kola, is a traditional herb that is prized for its ability to promote wound healing and skin health. Recent studies have shed additional light on its effectiveness, especially when applied topically. Calendula officinalis is a fragrant perennial herbaceous plant that has a limited lifespan. Calendula officinalis has also been shown in scientific studies to increase the activity of wound healing. Although the exact mechanism is still unknown, it was thought that the herb would improve blood flow to the wound site, delivering oxygen and nutrients required for tissue repair.

Recent Treatment for Management of Inflammatory Bowl Disease

Jyoti Jha — 2024-12-28

Due to the development of biologics and small molecule medicines (SMDs), there has been a substantial shift in the approach that is taken to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This shift has been brought about by the introduction of these treatments. It is important to note that these treatments will not be effective to each and every patient, and it is quite likely that a "ceiling effect" will take place when biologic monotherapy is delivered. Taking into consideration this predicament, it is evident that there is a requirement that has not yet been fulfilled for the purpose of maximising the utilisation of biologics and being able to anticipate therapeutic responses. For the purpose of treating patients who are experiencing either an initial lack of response or a subsequent loss of response to traditional biologics and SMDs, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel medications that have innovative action mechanisms. It has been suggested that a unique method might be utilised in order to improve the efficacy of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This is due to the fact that the combination of several biologics or SMDs has the capability to reduce inflammation in a variety of different ways. According to the evidence that is currently available for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), individuals who have refractory IBD and who have not responded to several biologic treatments or who have extraintestinal symptoms may benefit from dual targeted therapy. Equally as crucial is the identification of the proportion of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who are responding favourably to biological combination therapy in order to maintain remission of the condition. The objective of this review is to present a synopsis of the newly developed biologics and SMDs, as well as the current state of bio-logics and SMDs. This is done with the intention of highlighting the progress that has been achieved towards the development of personalised treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Oral Gel Containing Extract of Psidium guajava Leaves for Mouth Ulcer

Piyush Raj — 2024-12-28

Mouth ulcers are a common oral condition causing discomfort and pain, often interfering with daily activities like eating and speaking. Conventional treatments, such as synthetic gels and medications, can sometimes result in side effects or high costs, which has led to growing interest in natural and herbal alternatives. Herbal formulations are known for their safety, affordability, and effectiveness.

Psidium guajava (guava) leaves have been widely recognized in traditional medicine for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenols, guava leaves offer promising potential for the treatment of mouth ulcers. In this study, an herbal oral gel was prepared using guava leaf extract as the active ingredient. The gel was formulated with excipients like carbopol for gelling, glycerin as a humectant, and triethanolamine to adjust pH.

Evaluation of the gel focused on parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, and stability. Additionally, antimicrobial activity was tested against oral pathogens, and wound-healing properties were assessed to determine the gel’s effectiveness. Results indicated that the herbal oral gel had suitable physical properties, stable formulation, significant antimicrobial activity, and accelerated wound-healing effects.

In conclusion, the guava leaf-based herbal gel offers an effective, safe, and affordable alternative for managing mouth ulcers, with the potential to replace synthetic treatments. Further clinical studies could confirm its efficacy and facilitate its large-scale production for broader use.

Review on Tradescantia spathacea (Medicinal Plant)

Shivam Kushwaha — 2024-12-28

Tradescantia spathacea, often known as Moses-in-the-Cradle, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Commelinaceae family. This species is native to Central America and the Caribbean, and it has grown in favour as an ornamental plant due to its vivid leaf and low maintenance requirements. Aside from its visual attractiveness, T. spathacea has received interest for its medicinal effects and environmental adaptation. This review brings together current studies on its phytochemistry, therapeutic potential, and environmental significance. Key phytochemical ingredients, including flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds, are highlighted for their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant's involvement in environmental clean-up, notably heavy metal pollution reduction, is also mentioned. Despite its adaptability, issues such as invasiveness and habitat-specific growth requirements necessitate additional investigation. This review is to provide a thorough overview of Tradescantia spathacea, linking its decorative, medicinal, and ecological roles while recommending opportunities for future research and use. T. spathacea is extremely resilient to stress situations, such as poor soils and urban pollution, making it an important component in green infrastructure and phytoremediation programs. Its ability to gather heavy metals and enhance soil quality has been investigated as a possible tool for environmental management. However, its quick spread and adaptability have created worries about its invasive tendencies in some areas, necessitating a cautious approach to cultivation and use.

Review on Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Marketed Product of Alovera Extract

Gulshan Mehta — 2024-12-28

Aloe vera has historically been utilised for the treatment of skin injuries (such as burns, cuts, insect bites, and dermatitis) and digestive issues due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and wound-healing attributes. The research on this medicinal plant focusses on substantiating traditional applications and elucidating the mechanism of action, as well as identifying the chemicals responsible for these effects. Similarly, novel effects have been explored for Aloe vera and its active constituents, particularly emphasising its potential as a cytotoxic, antitumoural, anticancer, and antidiabetic drug. Over the past six years, the majority of pharmacological research has comprised in vitro and in vivo trials. In vitro research predominantly focus on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antitumor, anticancer, and skin protective effects. It is particularly important to highlight that various in vitro studies assess the preventive effects of Aloe vera in bone disorders, including osteoporosis. The findings on bone protection are encouraging; however, it is essential to do further studies with experimental animals and humans. In vivo studies are designed to assess cardioprotective effects, cytotoxicity, antitumor and anticancer activities, as well as skin protection efficacy. Clinical trials are constrained in comparison to in vitro and in vivo testing, concentrating mostly on digestive and dermal protective effects. Furthermore, these clinical trials have solely utilised Aloe vera, excluding its isolated components; hence, it would be pertinent to investigate the therapeutic effects of significant metabolites across various human diseases and illnesses. Research over the past six years has concentrated on the principal active compounds: aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, amodin, and acemannan. Aloe-emodin and aloin have been the most extensively researched among these compounds. Aloe-emodin has emerged as a potential drug with antibacterial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, cardioprotective, and bone protective properties in in vitro investigations, as well as anti-inflammatory and skin protective effects in in vivo research. Aloin shown efficacy in inflammatory processes and bone illnesses (in vitro studies) as well as in cancer and cardiovascular diseases (in vivo studies). The encouraging outcomes of fundamental research promote an increased number of clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic application of Aloe vera and its primary constituents, especially regarding bone protection, cancer, and diabetes.

Solving Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations Using the Monte Carlo Method

Mohammad Asghar Anwari — 2024-12-28

Mathematics is a vast science that has developed in different parts according to human needs and at different times to solve human problems since its inception. The branches of mathematics can be considered as an independent field due to their complexity. Numerical calculations or numerical analysis, in turn, can be found in different parts due to the calculations of equations that do not have real solutions. It can find their numerical solutions.

Numerical analysis can be used in various areas such as power calculations, logarithms, limit calculations, numerical derivatives of functions, numerical integrals, etc. mathematical calculations. In this regard, mathematicians have conducted research in various areas and after a period of time have reached a solution to the problem at hand and have left a mark in the form of various relations, formulas, and theorems, each of which has created convenience for the reader. One of these methods that can easily solve equations is solving a system of linear equations using the Monte Carlo method. Basically, this method, with its complexity, considering probabilistic calculations and obtaining the prices of a system and using mathematical hope, can easily solve a system of linear algebraic equations.

Investigating the Relationship between Attitudes Towards Menopause and Sexual Function in Menopausal Women in War-Torn Afghanistan

Pohoranwal Doctor Abdul Hakim (Hekmati) — 2024-12-27

Introduction: Menopause is one of the natural periods of women's life that due to the completion of a woman's egg, ovulation will no longer occur and as a result, menstruation will stop forever and they will no longer be able to have children Menopause usually begins between the ages of 49 and 52. But it can happen at any age. At this time, the ovaries secrete less female hormones, especially estrogen, and cause menopausal symptoms. Menstruation first becomes irregular and then stops altogether. Women who do not menstruate for a year are considered menopausal 35% of postmenopausal women are reported to suffer from decreased libido. Also in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France and Germany, 47%, 54%, 42% and 24% of postmenopausal women have reported decreased sexual activity. According to our study, 550% of postmenopausal women in Afghanistan suffer from decreased sexual desire.

A long-running Melbourne-based population-based study reported a significant decrease in libido, arousal, orgasm, and sexual activity, and a significant increase in vaginal dryness / painful intercourse throughout menopause. The health values and beliefs of a society affect the perception of sexual desire during menopause and the will of individuals as well as the need for their treatment.

After menopause, sexual desire decreases somewhat. On the other hand, due to the reduction of female secretions, vaginal dryness occurs and sometimes causes pain and discomfort during intercourse, and this issue can affect marital relations.

Research findings; A total of 200 postmenopausal women aged 45-58 years were studied in this study. The mean age of these women was 7.93 ± 57.18 years. The highest age distribution was in the range of 51 to 55 years (53.7%). The mean duration of menopause was 7.00 ± 7.00 years. 176 (89%) were housewives and 167 (83.5%) had less than a diploma.

Conclusion: Although no relationship was observed between sexual function and attitudes toward menopause, a large number of postmenopausal women still had a negative attitude towards this phenomenon, which was also impaired in terms of sexual function.

Development of High Strength Concrete for Structural Application in Asia

Abdul Qadir Arjumand — 2024-12-27

Due to its improved mechanical qualities and ability to reduce the size of structural parts, high-strength concrete (H.S.C.) has attracted much interest in structural engineering. This study article examines how high-strength concrete may be used in structural applications developed in Asia. The study's main objectives are to improve the mix design, add the appropriate admixtures, and evaluate the mechanical characteristics and durability of the resultant high-strength concrete. The development of High Strength Concrete (H.S.C.) material components for structural applications in Asia has been the subject of substantial research by several scholars. The findings of this study show that high-strength concrete breakthroughs and ground-breaking architectural icons have been built in Asia. For high-strength concrete to be used successfully and securely over the long term, proper mix design, quality control, and building techniques are essential.

Review on Allopurinol in the Treatment of Gout

Aryan — 2024-12-27

Gout and pain are synonymous, and a study in this issue of the BJP reports a novel anti-nociceptive effect of allopurinol, the drug most commonly used to treat gout. Allopurinol works by inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XO), the enzyme responsible for converting hypoxanthine to uric acid which is deposited as crystals in the joints of gout sufferers. Hypoxanthine is a metabolite of, and a possible precursor to, adenosine. find that acute inhibition of XO with allopurinol produces a modest adenosine A₁ receptor-mediated anti-nociceptive effect in common tests of chemical and thermal nociception in mice. A concomitant increase in cerebrospinal fluid levels of adenosine supports their hypothesis that inhibiting XO increases adenosine levels via salvage from hypoxanthine. Elevating endogenous adenosine levels by inhibiting metabolism is a well-established strategy for producing anti-nociception in many preclinical models, but inhibiting XO is likely to be particularly beneficial in some chronic pain states because of the pro-nociceptive reactive oxygen species that are produced by XO activity. Thus, allopurinol may have unexpected benefits in pain associated with chronic inflammation, diabetes and vascular dysfunction.

Current Prospective of Hypertension Disease and their Future Aspects in Different Stage of Female Health

Vishal Dixit — 2024-12-27

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality in women. Due to age and worsening of risk factors over the menopausal transition, risk of coronary heart disease events increases in postmenopausal women with diabetes. Randomized studies have conflicted regarding the beneficial impact of estrogen therapy upon intermediate cardiovascular disease markers and events. Therefore, estrogen therapy is not currently recommended for indications other than symptom management. However, for women at low risk of adverse events, estrogen therapy can be used to minimize menopausal symptoms. The risk of adverse events can be estimated using risk engines for the calculation of cardiovascular risk and breast cancer risk in conjunction with screening tools such as mammography. Use of estrogen therapy, statins, and anti-platelet agents can be guided by such calculators particularly for younger women with diabetes. Risk management remains focused upon lifestyle behaviors and achieving optimal levels of cardiovascular risk factors, including lipids, glucose, and blood pressure. Use of pharmacologic therapies to address these risk factors, particularly specific hypoglycemic agents, may provide some additional benefit for risk prevention. The minimal benefit for women with limited life expectancy and risk of complications with intensive therapy should also be considered.

Mechanisms of PFAS Degradation in Thermal Destruction Processes

Saikumar Chalivendra — 2023-06-30

Through this research, information on methods of PFAS degradation through thermal destruction processes and analysis of the efficiency of degradation by temperature and conditions in the atmosphere is provided. These experiments were carried out at different temperatures from 400°C to 1,200°C under both reducing and oxidizing setter gases. The findings suggest that temperature plays a big role in rates of degradation with oxidative conditions promoting destruction of PFAS. The results obtained showed that at temperatures of 900°C and above degradation efficiency was over 90% as well as low content of toxic compounds. The developed study suggests that oxidative thermal destruction at high temperatures can be a viable technique for the degradation of PFASs, but heat energy consumption and formation of by-products should be well controlled.

Synergistic Fusion: Enhancing Herbal Potency with Phytosome Technology

Deepshikha Jamloki — 2024-12-21

This review explores the innovative integration of Phytosome technology to augment the effectiveness of herbal compounds. Phytosomes are specialized delivery systems that enhance the bioavailability and absorption of herbal extracts by forming molecular complexes with phospholipids. The review highlights the pivotal role of Phytosomes in improving the solubility and permeability of herbal constituents, thereby facilitating their absorption into the bloodstream. By encapsulating herbal molecules within phospholipid layers, Phytosomes shield them from degradation and metabolic processes, prolonging their presence in the body and enhancing their pharmacological activity. Furthermore, the review underscores the versatility of phytosome technology in enhancing the efficacy of various herbal extracts ranging from traditional remedies to modern herbal supplements. Through case studies and empirical evidence, the paper illustrates how the synergistic fusion of phytosomes with herbal compounds leads to superior therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional formulations.

Moreover, the review discusses the potential applications of synergistic fusion in diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. It emphasizes the significance of this approach in addressing challenges related to poor bioavilability and inconsistent efficacy encountered with conventional herbal preparations. A comprehensive overview of the synergistic potential of combining phytosome technology with herbal extracts. It elucidates the mechanisms underlying enhanced bioavailability and efficacy, paving the way for the development of novel herbal formulations with optimized therapeutic benefits.

Review on Ketoprofen (Anti-Inflammatory Drug)

Bhupendra Kumar — 2024-12-21

Ketoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely utilized for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. This review article examines ketoprofen's pharmacological profile, efficacy, and therapeutic applications, particularly in the management of acute and chronic pain, including dysmenorrhea, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Ketoprofen exerts its effect by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX-1 and COX- 2, reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins responsible for pain and inflammation. Various formulations of ketoprofen are available, including oral tablets, topical gels, suppositories, and injectables, each tailored to specific clinical needs and patient preferences. Recent advancements in topical and extended-release formulations have improved patient adherence and minimized gastrointestinal side effects traditionally associated with NSAIDs. However, ketoprofen remains contraindicated in patients with certain cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal conditions, underscoring the need for careful patient selection and dosage adjustment. This review highlights ketoprofen's clinical efficacy, safety profile, and evolving therapeutic applications, providing insight into its role within the broader scope of pain management strategies.

Review on Medicinal Herbs in the Treatment of Gout

Munna Kumar — 2024-12-21

Joint urate crystals are the hallmark of the inflammatory condition known as gout. Acute gout is characterised by the abrupt development of swelling and pain that begins in the greater toe. This condition is linked to high levels of uric acid in the blood, which can occur when the kidneys do not excrete enough of the acid or when the body produces too much uric acid. Allopurinol, which inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase and hence lowers blood uric acid levels, is the mainstay of conventional gout treatment in contemporary medicine. Pain and inflammation can be managed with the help of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It has also been seen that non-pharmacological approaches, such as dietary improvements, can improve patients' situations. Many people believe that herbal treatments are safer and more effective than conventional pharmaceuticals, especially when it comes to patient adherence and the potential for adverse effects. Celery and parsley, when used together, have demonstrated effects comparable to those of allopurinol. This article's goal is to provide a summary of allopurinol's herbal substitutes.

Varieties and Physical Characteristics of Indigenous Cattle Breeds in Somalia: A Literature Review

Mohamed Ibrahim Abdi - Soojeede — 2024-12-21

The aim of this review was to find out the indigenous Somali cattle breeds in Mogadishu, Somalia and also what is the physical difference between them and what do other scholar wrote about them, this breeds have some unique characteristics and they have one thing in common which is important for pastoralist communities because pastoralists depend on these animals for their livelihood. This study found different types of indigenous breeds including Dawara, Surqo, Gassara, Saywal and Somali Boran those were originated in local community as well as other breeder were hybrid but all of them were resilient and sustainable for local pastoralists. The Somali cattle breeds occupy specific niches in terms of environment and diseases.

They have cultural importance with milk and meat; and play roles in local economies supporting their livelihoods. The Boran breed, said to have originated from the Boran clan in south Ethiopia, is exposed to high temperatures and infectious diseases. They are not only good for meat but also produce substantial amounts of milk. The Gassara breed is smaller than other breeds and has been described as being less productive but able to survive under harsh conditions because they easily adapt and store fat – valuable features during droughts when pastures disappear. Similarly, the Dawara breed plays an important role among some pastoral Somali communities and remains culturally valued by them even though its milk yields have been recorded as being lower than those of other breeds. Saywal cattle is a local variety of the Sahiwal which is both a milk and meat producing breed that originated in India as evidenced by the history of trade activities on the livestock heritages in the region.

The Surqo breed of cattle is a cross-breed between boran and dawara breeds hence their contribution to food security in certain regions of Somalia. Cattle hybrids, on the other hand, introduced in with the help of the Somali government through overseas artificial insemination have higher milk production but take time to adapt with the environment. Therefore, the protection of the genetic resources and unique characteristics of these locally developed breeds is of prerequisite importance to the livelihood of pastoralists and food security in Somalia.

The study recommends establishing artificial insemination centers in all region were dominate with cattle husbandry to produce hybrids that combine the hardiness of local cattle breeds those have desirable productivity characteristics. Additionally, development international collaboration Such as agencies those have skilled in livestock biotechnology and also ability to enhance the effectiveness of breeding programs of cattle. Also make Improve management practices, including the rotational grazing and the development of water resources for rural areas, together with training for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists on modern husbandry techniques, are also essential.

NEP-2020 Awareness among Teachers: A Study of Knowledge, Perceptions and Challenges

Heena — 2024-12-21

New Education Policy 2020 has been announced by honorable Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi Ji to make India a knowledgeable vibrant country which is a current need of 21st century. The policy aims to promote the role of teachers in Indian society and culture and to develop fundamental skills in students as well as social, ethical, emotional and critical thinking skills in all students. However, there is no sufficient implementation of NEP -2020 yet. This study was conducted to explore the knowledge of teachers about NEP-2020. It was a questionnaire based study consisting of 10 questions. All data were analyzed in MS-Excel, SPSS. A significant proportion of teachers (68%) have foundational knowledge of current educational policy, indicating a basic knowledge that is essential for effective implementation. However, 52% of teachers were not aware about the role of NEP in higher education system, national education schemes. Only 20% of educators express confidence in using these frameworks. Most of the respondents deny to be benefited from National Education Schemes due to lack of awareness, highlighting the critical need for targeted professional development and support. Key gaps in technology integration and policy understanding were identified, highlighting areas where teachers need additional training and resources. Seminars should be organized regularly to keep teachers informed about national programmes and their implementation.

Investigating the Antimicrobial Activity of Derivatives of Benzotriazole

Niranjan Sanjay Chaudhari — 2024-12-21

Benzotriazole derivatives have emerged as a promising class of compounds with significant antimicrobial activity. This review article delves into the diverse antimicrobial properties of benzotriazole derivatives, focusing on their efficacy against various pathogenic microorganisms. We provide a detailed examination of the chemical structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these derivatives, highlighting how modifications to the benzotriazole core influence their antimicrobial potency. The review synthesizes findings from recent studies that explore the mechanisms of action, spectrum of activity, and potential applications of benzotriazole derivatives in combating bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in optimizing these compounds for clinical use, including issues related to toxicity, stability, and formulation. By consolidating current research and identifying key trends, this article aims to offer a comprehensive resource for researchers and pharmaceutical developers interested in harnessing the antimicrobial potential of benzotriazole derivatives.

Non-Linear λ-Jordan Triple Derivation on Prime Algebras

Ahmad Ramin Rahnaward — 2024-11-12

Let A be a prime ∗−algebra and Φ a λ−Jordan triple deriva- tion on A, that is, for every A, B, C ∈ A, Φ(A ⋄ B) = Φ(A) ⋄ B + A ⋄ Φ(B) wher A ⋄_λ B = AB^∗ + λBA such that a real scalar |λ| ̸= 0, 1, and Φ is addi- tive. moreover, if Φ(I) and Φ(il) are selfadjiont then Φ is a ∗−derivation

A Review on Phytochemical and Ethano Pharmacology of Mallotus Philippnensis

Vaishnavi Tripathi — 2024-10-31

Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) M Arg is a threatened plant species in the central ecoregion. It is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Mallotus philippinensis (Lam.) Muell. Arg. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is a significant perennial plant utilised in traditional medicine. It is primarily prevalent in the tropical and subtropical climates globally. Despite its herbal origin, it is classified within one of the eight Sadharana rasa categories [Glands and hairs of Mallotus philippinensis (Kampillaka), Arsenic (Somala), Ammonium Chloride (Navasagara), Cowri (Kaparda), Amber (Agnijaara), Red Oxide of Mercury (Girisindoora), Cinnabar (Hingula), Litharge (Muddaarashringa)] in Rasa-shastra, the Ayurvedic study of minerals and metals. M. philippinensis is included within Virecana ghana, a group of medicinal plants or items utilised in purgation therapy in Ayurvedic medicine. Primarily, roots, fruits (including fruit powder), and leaves are utilised for therapeutic applications. The leaves possess a bitter flavour and exhibit a cooling, appetising quality. The glands and hairs of the fruit and leaves are advised for cutaneous issues. To date, research investigations have been conducted to validate and examine the pharmacological properties of M. philippinensis. This document aims to summarise the distribution, morphology, Ayurvedic and traditional applications, and scientific research about M. philippinensis. Researchers have empirically demonstrated the antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-leukemic, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-filarial, analgesic, hypnotic, antiproliferative, antifertility, purgative, anthelmintic, and antiallergic activities of various parts of M. philippinensis

Digital Twin - An Innovative Strategy in Healthcare Transformation: An Extensive Review

R. Subashini — 2024-12-21

In an age where the physical and digital worlds progressively intersect, the concept of the digital twin has aroused as a transformative force across various industries. Digital twins are dynamic digital imitations of physical objects; systems are procedures that can be used to simulate, analyse, and optimize their real-world analogue. In the health care field, a lot of work has gone into establishing digital twin of patient and medical devices. The digital twin of the patient is created by digitising the patient’s physical traits and bodily alterations. Real-world utilization of this technology includes accurate maintenance, advanced operational efficiency, and support for well-informed decision-making, all of which are trans-formative. The digital twin revolution is changing how healthcare professionals approach patient care, treatment planning, and facility administration. Digital twins provide instantaneous monitoring, personalized therapy, and predictive analytics by generating dynamic virtual replicas of patients, medical equipment, and healthcare systems. By offering insights on energy use, material consumption, and other vital variables, digital twin facilitates improved resource management and boosts businesses by cutting costs and waste. Digital twins are positioned to play a vital role in modern healthcare, inciting innovation and efficiency throughout the sector as technology advances. We focused on applications and development of digital twin in healthcare sector by analyzing a large number of studies from distinct medical sector, the effectiveness of digital twin in imaging studies and diagnosis, cancer, cardiology, neurology has been discussed in this review.

Development of Inhalable Drugs

Aditya D. Surushe — 2024-12-26

Inhalable drug delivery systems have garnered significant interest in recent years due to their potential to provide targeted and efficient treatment for a wide range of respiratory and systemic diseases. This review provides an extensive overview of the types of inhalable drugs, their formulation challenges, delivery mechanisms, and the devices used for administration. It discusses physiological barriers, regulatory considerations, and the development of novel delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, smart polymers, and biologics. The article also examines the future directions of inhalable drug delivery, with a focus on personalized medicine, digital health, and advances in gene and cell therapies.