Diabetic Retinopathy: Current Understanding, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

Authors

  • Mohd Amjad Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dehradun-248007, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
  • Harsh Gupta Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacy, Guru Nanak College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dehradun-248007, Uttarakhand, INDIA.
  • Anamika Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Shree Dev Bhoomi Institute of Education Science and Technology (SDBIT), Dehradun, INDIA.
  • Roshan Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Shree Dev Bhoomi Institute of Education Science and Technology (SDBIT), Dehradun, INDIA.
  • Roshan Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy, Shree Dev Bhoomi Institute of Education Science and Technology (SDBIT), Dehradun, INDIA.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.42

Keywords:

CNS, Diabetic, eye disease, retinal disorder

Abstract

Researchers have been assuming about the possible connection between the eye and the central nervous system (CNS) for a considerable amount of time. This is primarily due to the fact that the eye is considered to be an extension of the brain, which is a reasonable assumption. The neural tube is the beginning of both structures, and neurons are the building blocks of both structures. Retinal ganglionic cells, also known as RGCs, are a specific type of cell that are found in the retina. These cells are responsible for receiving light signals from the environment around them and then transmitting them to photoreceptors, which are involved in the process of vision. The retina, which is found inside the eye, is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses, which are then sent to the brain through the optic nerve. Glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy are only few of the eye illnesses that can be caused by chronic progressive neurodegeneration of the retina, which is more prevalent in older people. It is the elderly who are most likely to be affected by these eye disorders; nevertheless, younger people are also susceptible to them and may experience permanent vision loss or a reduction in their eyesight. In most cases, neurodegenerative disorders that are characteristic of CSN are characterised by common symptoms and a cause that is only partially understood. Although certain risk factors have been identified, they do not account for all instances. On the other hand, according to a number of studies, several illnesses of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), which are responsible for a significant amount of mortality and morbidity on a global scale, display distinctive alterations at the ocular level. It is helpful to be aware of potential linkages in order to have a better understanding of the mechanics on which onset occurs. In addition, experts have not yet reached a consensus regarding the factors that are responsible for these various disorders. In this overview, the symptoms of ocular illnesses are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on the interaction between the brain and the eye. At some point in the future, a more in-depth understanding could be of assistance in the development of innovative treatments that could help reduce or prevent blindness and improve quality of life.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Gérard, A., Woolfe, A., Mottet, G., Reichen, M., Castrillon, C., Menrath, V., ... & Brenan, C. (2020). High-throughput single-cell activity-based screening and sequencing of antibodies using droplet microfluidics. Nature biotechnology, 38(6), 715-721.

Awuchi, C. G., Amagwula, I. O., Priya, P., Kumar, R., Yezdani, U., & Khan, M. G. (2020). Aflatoxins in foods and feeds: A review on health implications, detection, and control. Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 9, 149-155.

Kaur, R. P., Vasudeva, K., Kumar, R., & Munshi, A. (2018). Role of p53 gene in breast cancer: focus on mutation spectrum and therapeutic strategies. Current pharmaceutical design, 24(30), 3566-3575.

Kumar, R., Saha, P., Lokare, P., Datta, K., Selvakumar, P., & Chourasia, A. (2022). A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(2), 221-226.

Kumar, R., Saha, P., Kumar, Y., Sahana, S., Dubey, A., & Prakash, O. (2020). A Review on Diabetes Mellitus: Type1 & Type2. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9(10), 838-850.

Kumar, R., Sood, U., Gupta, V., Singh, M., Scaria, J., & Lal, R. (2020). Recent advancements in the development of modern probiotics for restoring human gut microbiome dysbiosis. Indian journal of microbiology, 60, 12-25.

Bind, A., Das, S., Singh, V. D., Kumar, R., Chourasia, A., & Saha, P. (2020). Natural bioactives for the potential management of gastric ulceration. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(3), 221-226.

Umama, Y., Venkatajah, G., Shourabh, R., Kumar, R., Verma, A., Kumar, A., & Gayoor, M. K. (2019). Topic-The scenario of pharmaceuticals and development of microwave as; sisted extraction technique. World J Pharm Pharm Sci, 8(7), 1260-1271.

Daharia, A., Jaiswal, V. K., Royal, K. P., Sharma, H., Joginath, A. K., Kumar, R., & Saha, P. (2022). A Comparative review on ginger and garlic with their pharmacological Action. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 10(3), 65-69.

Kumar, R., & Saha, P. (2022). A review on artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve cancer management and drug discovery. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(3), 149-156.

Saha, P., Kumar, A., Bhanja, J., Shaik, R., Kawale, A. L., & Kumar, R. (2022). A review of immune blockade safety and antitumor activity of dostarlimab therapy in endometrial cancer. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(3), 201-209.

Nyarko, R. O., Roopini, R., Raviteja, V., Awuchi, C. G., Kumar, R., Faller, E. M., ... & Saha, P. (2022). Novel Sars-CoV-2 Variants & Therapeutic Effects. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(2), 25-34.

Pandey, M., Singh, A., Agnihotri, N., Kumar, R., Saha, P., Pandey, R. P., & Kumar, A. (2022). Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutic uses of Diuretic Agents: A Review. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 11-20.

Kumar, R., Saha, P., Keshamma, E., Sachitanadam, P., & Subramanian, M. (2022). Docking studies of some novel Hetrocyclic compound as Acat inhibitors: A meta analysis. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 33-41.

Awuchi, C. G., Saha, P., Amle, V. S., Nyarko, R. O., Kumar, R., Boateng, E. A., ... & Asum, C. (2023). A Study of various medicinal plants used in ulcer treatment: A review. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(1), 234-246.

Sultana, A., Singh, M., Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Saha, P., Kumar, R. S., & Kumar, D. (2022). To identify drug-drug interaction in cardiac patients in tertiary care hospitals. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 146-152.

Nyarko, R. O., Awuchi, C. G., Kumar, R., Boateng, E., Kahwa, I., Boateng, P. O., ... & Saha, P. (2022). Evaluation of cafeteria diet in experimental animal with plant extract of calotropis procera for obesity parameter. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 107-113.

Kumar, S., Keshamma, E., Trivedi, U., Janjua, D., Shaw, P., Kumar, R., ... & Saha, P. (2022). A meta analysis of different herbs (leaves, roots, stems) used in treatment of cancer cells. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 92-101.

Kumar, R., Keshamma, E., Kumari, B., Kumar, A., Kumar, V., Janjua, D., & Billah, A. M. (2022). Burn injury management, pathophysiology and its future prospectives. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(4), 78-89.

Kashyap, N., Kumar, R., Rana, V., Sood, P., & Chauhan, T. (2023). Role of Terpenoids Active Ingredients Targeting for Neuroprotective Agents. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(3), 22-40.

Mishra, A., Singh, Y., Singh, R., Kumar, R., Shukla, S., Prajapati, R. K., ... & Sagar, L. P. (2022). Ethano-pharmacology activity & Antioxidant activity of Centella asiatica Plant Parts. Neuroquantology, 20(11), 7562.

Kumar, A., Uniyal, Y., & Kumar, R. (2022). Recent Advancement of Colorectal Cancer and Their Herbal Essential Oil Treatment. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(5), 133-144.

Kumar, R., Sood, P., Rana, V., & Prajapati, A. K. (2023). Combine Therapy of Gallic Acid and Allicin in Management of Diabetes. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(3), 91-99.

Zhao, X., Yu, S., Wang, Y., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Hu, L., ... & Cai, X. (2022). Field performance of disease-free plants of ginger produced by tissue culture and agronomic, cytological, and molecular characterization of the morphological variants. Agronomy, 13(1), 74.

Kumar, R., Sood, P., Shaik, R., Singh, H. K., & Verma, A. (2023). A Brief Description of Different Types of Cancers and Role of Some Herbs & Bioactive Compounds in Lung Cancer Management. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(4), 32-47.

Boateng, E. A., Nyarko, R. O., & Boateng, P. O. (2024). IMPACT OF POTASSIUM NITRATE TREATMENT AND STRATIFICATION ON APPLE SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH.

Verma, A., Kumar, R., Thelly, M. T., Saha, P., & Begum, S. F. A META ANALYSIS: DETECTION OF ANTIULCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CINNAMON OIL IN ANIMAL MODEL.

CHOURASIA, A., & KUMAR, R. Investigation Of Anti-Ulcer Activities By Using Indomethacine Induced & Cold-Water Restraint Procedure In Experimental Rat: Meta Analysis.

Kumar, R., Singh, F. V., Takenaga, N., & Dohi, T. (2022). Asymmetric direct/stepwise dearomatization reactions involving hypervalent iodine reagents. Chemistry–An Asian Journal, 17(4), e202101115.

SHAFQAT ZAIDI, R. K. M., TYAGI, S., & Dubey, R. K. A. (2021). Effect of Kalahari Cactus Extract on Appetitte, Body Weight And Lipid Profile In Cafeteria Diet Induced Obesity In Experimental Animal. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 25(6), 13976-13987.

Saha, P., Kumar, A., Bhanja, J., Shaik, R., Kawale, A. L., & Kumar, R. (2022). A review of immune blockade safety and antitumor activity of dostarlimab therapy in endometrial cancer. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 9(3), 201-209.

Kumar, N., Dubey, A., Mishra, A., & Tiwari, P. (2020). Ethosomes: A Novel Approach in Transdermal Drug Delivery System. International journal of pharmacy & life sciences, 11(5).

Kumar, R., Verma, H., Haider, S., Bajaj, A., Sood, U., Ponnusamy, K., ... & Lal, R. (2017). Comparative genomic analysis reveals habitat-specific genes and regulatory hubs within the genus Novosphingobium. MSystems, 2(3), 10-1128.

Bugga, P., Alam, M. J., Kumar, R., Pal, S., Chattopadyay, N., & Banerjee, S. K. (2022). Sirt3 ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress through regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in cardiomyoblast. Cellular Signalling, 94, 110309.

Kumar, A. (2019). The Scenario of Pharmaceuticals and Development of Microwave Assisted Extraction Techniques.

Nyarko, R. O., Boateng, E., Kahwa, I., & Boateng, P. O. (2020). A comparison analysis on remdesivir, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and azithromycin in the treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-A Review. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci, 9, 121-133.

Nyarko, R. O., Boateng, E., Kahwa, I., Boateng, P. O., & Asare, B. (2020). The impact on public health and economy using lockdown as a tool against COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a perspective. J Epidemiol Public Health Rev, 5(3).

Kumar, R., Verma, H., Singhvi, N., Sood, U., Gupta, V., Singh, M., ... & Lal, R. (2020). Comparative genomic analysis of rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 reveals mosaic pattern of phylogeographical distribution. Msystems, 5(4), 10-1128.

Kumar, R., Saha, P., Sarkar, S., Rawat, N., & Prakash, A. (2021). A Review On Novel Drug Delivery System. IJRAR-International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), 8(1), 183-199.

Purabisaha, R. K., Rawat, S. S. N., & Prakash, A. (2021). A Review On Novel Drug Delivery System.

Raj, A. R. J. E. S. H., Tyagi, S., Kumar, R., Dubey, A., & Hourasia, A. C. (2021). Effect of isoproterenol and thyroxine in herbal drug used as cardiac hypertrophy. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, 204-217.

Nyarko, R. O., Kumar, R., Sharma, S., Chourasia, A., Roy, A., & Saha, P. (2022). Antibacterial Activity of Herbal Plant-Tinospora Cordifolia And Catharnthus Roseus.

Kumar, R., Jain, A., Tripathi, A. K., & Tyagi, S. (2021, January). Covid-19 outbreak: An epidemic analysis using time series prediction model. In 2021 11th international conference on cloud computing, data science & engineering (Confluence) (pp. 1090-1094). IEEE.

Kumar, R., Saha, P., Nyarko, R. O., Kahwn, I., Boateng, E. A., Boateng, P. O., ... & Bertram, A. (2021). Role of Cytokines and Vaccines in Break through COVID 19 Infections. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(60B), 2544-2549.

Kumar, R., & Dubey, A. (2020). Phytochemical investication and heptoprotective evalution acacia rubica extract isonized and paracetamol indused animal toxicity. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(3), 65-69.

Nyarko, R. O., Prakash, A., Kumar, N., Saha, P., & Kumar, R. (2021). Tuberculosis a globalized disease. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 9(1), 198-201.

Roshan, K. (2020). Priya damwani, Shivam kumar, Adarsh suman, Suthar Usha. An overview on health benefits and risk factor associated with coffee. International Journal Research and Analytical Review, 7(2), 237-249.

Sahana, S. (2020). Purabi saha, Roshan kumar, Pradipta das, Indranil Chatterjee, Prasit Roy, Sk Abdur Rahamat. A Review of the 2019 Corona virus (COVID-19) World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical science, 9(9), 2367-2381.

Kumar, R., Jangir, D. K., Verma, G., Shekhar, S., Hanpude, P., Kumar, S., ... & Kanti Maiti, T. (2017). S-nitrosylation of UCHL1 induces its structural instability and promotes α-synuclein aggregation. Scientific reports, 7(1), 44558.

Saha, P., Kumar, R., Nyarko, R. O., Kahwa, I., & Owusu, P. (2021). Herbal Secondary Metabolite For Gastro-Protective Ulcer Activity With Api Structures.

Sahana, S., Kumar, R., Nag, S., Paul, R., Chatterjee, I., & Guha, N. (2020). A Review On Alzheimer Disease And Future Prospects.

Shukla, S., Rawat, N., Rana, S., Rana, V., Mittal, C., Kumar, R., & Sood, P. (2023). Clinical Features Present, Past & Future Prospective of Monkey Pox: A Orthopoxvirus. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(3), 134-146.

Kumar, R. S., Singh, A. P., & Singh, A. (2022). A Meta Analysis on Cardiac Vascular Disease with Obesity. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 1(3), 78-85.

Gopal, R. K., Raj, P. P., Dukare, A., & Kumar, R. (2022). Metabolic Engineering of Methanogenic Archaea for Biomethane Production from Renewable Biomass. In Biomethane (pp. 43-60). Apple Academic Press.

Das, S., Singh, V. D., Bind, A., Anamika, A., Gupta, S. P., & Kumar, R. (2022). Evaluation of antiulcer, antioxidant potency of manuka honey and cinnamon powder mixture in Wistar rats using experimental rat models. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6, 6259-6268.

Kumar, R., Singh, V. P., & Sharma, A. (2014). A study biological control of Aspergillus flavus using Psudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. IRJSE, 2, 213-218.

Wongkuna, S., Ambat, A., Ghimire, S., Mattiello, S. P., Maji, A., Kumar, R., ... & Scaria, J. (2024). Identification of a microbial sub-community from the feral chicken gut that reduces Salmonella colonization and improves gut health in a gnotobiotic chicken model. Microbiology Spectrum, e01621-23.

Singh, H. K., Kumar, R., & Upadhyay, J. (2023). Case Report on Conjunctivitis an Outbreak Disease in Dehradun India. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(4), 93-95.

Kumar, R., Sood, P., Shaik, R., Singh, H. K., & Verma, A. (2023). A Brief Description of Different Types of Cancers and Role of Some Herbs & Bioactive Compounds in Lung Cancer Management. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2(4), 32-47.

Verma, S., Suman, P., Mandal, S., Kumar, R., Sahana, N., Siddiqui, N., & Chakdar, H. (2023). Assessment and identification of bioactive metabolites from terrestrial Lyngbya spp. responsible for antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 54(4), 2671-2687.

Downloads

Published

2024-05-25

How to Cite

Amjad, M., Gupta, H., Anamika, Kumar, R., & Kumar, R. (2024). Diabetic Retinopathy: Current Understanding, Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(2), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.42

Issue

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 4 > >>